Effects of single and combined exposures to copper and benzotriazole on Eisenia fetida

The Recolonization Concentration Concept: Using Avoidance Assays with Soil Organisms to Predict the Recolonization Potential of Contaminated Sites

“…The avoidance AC 50 values obtained for E. andrei (49.5 mg Cu/kg DW) were lower than the previously reported AC 50 values of 181.1 mg/kg and 94.08 mg/kg, in Lufa 2.2 [ 34 ] and OECD artificial soil [ 35 ], respectively, but were much higher than the AC 50 value of 1.7 mg/kg reported by Greenslade and Vaughan [ 36 ], also in OECD artificial soil. All reported studies followed similar procedures and differences in sensitivity would most likely be due to other factors such as differences in soil properties, the source of copper used for spiking or the test species used.…”

“…could affect the sensitivity of organisms by affecting copper bioavailability in soil [ 39 ]. Copper form, could in part explain the large difference in sensitivity observed in both studies using OECD soil [ 35 , 36 ] but unfortunately, one of the studies conducted in OECD soil did not report the source of copper used for spiking [ 36 ]. For the remaining studies, one used copper nitrate [ 35 ] and both our study and the study with Lufa 2.2 soil [ 34 ] used copper sulfate.…”

“…Finally, unlike the remaining studies, which were conducted with E. andrei , the study by Xing et al [ 35 ] used the species E. fetida which, despite having comparable sensitivity, could, in conjunction with the other factors, also contribute to some of the differences observed. Further information and examinations would be required to understand these differences in sensitivity especially for both the studies conducted in OECD soil.…”

Effect of copper on bioconcentration of benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVSs) in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

“…It has been reported that benzotriazole can signi cantly increase the bioaccumulation of Cd in zebra sh as well as Cu in earthworms (Duan et al, 2017;Xing et al, 2018). While the combined effects of binary benzotriazole and Cu mixture were found to be antagonistic on Eisenia fetida earthworm avoidance behavior and its survival (Xing et al, 2017). Besides, their combined exposure also reduces the oxidative stress in earthworms induced by single compound (Zhang et al, 2020).…”

“…In present studies, combined effects of benzotriazole and copper on organisms have been evaluated, considering benzotriazole is widely used as corrosion inhibitor for copper and its alloy (Grillo et al, 2014;Xing et al, 2017;Xing et al, 2018). As a subgroup of benzotriazole with a phenolic group attaching to the benzotriazole structure, BUVSs are also widely used as additives in automobile components and some sports equipment etc (Nakata et al, 2009).…”