Effects of Skin Occlusion on Percutaneous Absorption: An Overview

Zhai, Hongbo; Maibach, Howard I.

doi:10.1159/000056328

Cited by 202 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Again, when skin permeation of drug from the hydrogel containing nanosize drug particles was compared with that of the hydrogel containing microsize DDA, there was about 4 times enhancement of cumulative drug skin permeation at the initial hour of study and the value was 6 times more than that of the hydrogel with microsize drug at the 10th hour. The findings are further supported by the earlier reports describing the enhancement of skin delivery of the drug due to nanosize [55,56,59]. The hydrogel with nanosize particles showed better permeation (statistically significant; p, 0.02) as compared to the commercial reference formulation, which suggests that the hydrogel with nanosize drug particles might provide better therapeutic efficacy.…”

Section: Skin Permeation Studysupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Saturation solubility of the nanosize drug particles (formed in situ) in the hydrogel could not be established since the drug particles in this size range from the experimental polymer matrix were not possible to separate. However, reduction of drug particle sizes in nanometer range has been reported to increase drug permeation through the skin, primarily due to increase in skin hydration, enhanced solubility in the biphasic fluid (mixture of sebum and sweat), and increased partitioning in stratum corneum [55,57,58]. The above studies support our findings that distribution of nanosize drug particles in hydrogels enhanced skin permeation of drug much more as compared to the gels containing microsize drug particles.…”

Section: Skin Permeation Studysupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Comparative studies of gels with microsize drug particles and nanosize particles on skin occlusivity showed that nanosize particles have a distinct advantage over microsize particles [52,53]. Researchers have demonstrated that particles of less than 200 nm, in general, have a distinct advantage in providing high occlusivity to the skin leading to better hydration of the skin and thereby improved permeation [54][55][56]. DDA belongs to the poorly water-soluble class of drugs.…”

Section: Skin Permeation Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improved Skin Penetration Using In Situ Nanoparticulate Diclofenac Diethylamine in Hydrogel Systems: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

et al. 2015

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Abstract. Delivering diclofenac diethylamine transdermally by means of a hydrogel is an approach to reduce or avoid systemic toxicity of the drug while providing local action for a prolonged period. In the present investigation, a process was developed to produce nanosize particles (about 10 nm) of diclofenac diethylamine in situ during the development of hydrogel, using simple mixing technique. Hydrogel was developed with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (5.8% w/w) and carbopol 71G (1.5% w/w). The formulations were evaluated on the basis of field emission scanning electron microscopy, texture analysis, and the assessment of various physiochemical properties. Viscosity (163-165 cps for hydrogel containing microsize drug particles and 171-173 cps for hydrogel containing nanosize drug particles, respectively) and swelling index (varied between 0.62 and 0.68) data favor the hydrogels for satisfactory topical applications. The measured hardness of the different hydrogels was uniform indicating a uniform spreadability. Data of in vitro skin (cadaver) permeation for 10 h showed that the enhancement ratios of the flux of the formulation containing nanosize drug (without the permeation enhancer) were 9.72 and 1.30 compared to the formulation containing microsized drug and the marketed formulations, respectively. In vivo plasma level of the drug increased predominantly for the hydrogel containing nanosize drug-clusters. The study depicts a simple technique for preparing hydrogel containing nanosize diclofenac diethylamine particles in situ, which can be commercially viable. The study also shows the advantage of the experimental transdermal hydrogel with nanosize drug particles over the hydrogel with microsize drug particles.

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Section: Skin Permeation Studysupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Skin Permeation Studysupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Skin Permeation Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improved Skin Penetration Using In Situ Nanoparticulate Diclofenac Diethylamine in Hydrogel Systems: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

et al. 2015

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“…The application on the skin of any membrane that interferes with the normal TEWL, e.g. water-impermeable membranes, causes profound effects on the skin barrier such as increasing the percutaneous absorption of applied chemicals and the alteration of epidermal lipids, DNA synthesis, surface pH and bacterial flora [58][59][60]. Furthermore, the TEWL itself is a signal to the normalization of the stratum corneum barrier function [61].…”

Section: Wvtrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Films based on chitosan polyelectrolyte complexes for skin drug delivery: Development and characterization

Silva

Pereira

Ramalho

et al. 2008

Journal of Membrane Science

117

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a b s t r a c tNovel chitosan based polyelectrolyte complexes (PEC) were developed and optimized in order to obtain films possessing the optimal functional properties (flexibility, resistance, water vapour transmission rate and bioadhesion) to be applied on skin. The development was based on the combination of chitosan and two polyacrylic acid (PAA) polymers with different crosslinkers and crosslinking densities. The interaction between the polymers was maximized controlling the pH, and by forming the films at a pH value close to the pK a of the respective components as identified by potentiometric and turbidimetric titrations. The action of glycerol, PEG200, Hydrovance and trehalose upon the functional properties of the films was also evaluated. Glycerol was found to improve the film properties in terms of flexibility, resistance and water vapour transmission rate (WVTR) with a maximum effect at 30%. The application of a pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) significantly improved bioadhesion with a negligible influence in the resistance and flexibility of the films.The optimized film, including adhesive, has shown very good properties for application in the skin and represents a very promising formulation for further incorporation of drugs for topical and transdermal administration.

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“…by a film dressing or ointment) transepidermal water loss is restricted, leading to increased hydration of the stratum corneum, and increased permeability (Zhai and Maibach, 2001). Obviously if the skin is inflamed, as in AE, then the effectiveness of the normal barrier will be reduced.…”

Section: Dermal Absorption Of Topical Preparationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Topical steroids and emollients in atopic eczema – which should be applied first?

Voegeli

2017

Practice Nursing

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Atopic eczema (AE) is one of the most common dermatological diseases, with the number of cases in the UK rising. The use of emollients to maintain skin hydration and restore barrier function remains the principal treatment, in conjunction with topical corticosteroids (TCS) to reduce inflammation. Unfortunately, many health professionals, and patients themselves, fail to consider emollients an active treatment and may overlook the vital role they play in the maintenance of intact, healthy skin.Despite the overwhelming acceptance of the importance of emollient therapy, there remains a lack of good quality evidence on their effectiveness or whether one is better than another. Patients often receive conflicting or limited advice from health professionals as to how to use them, and if using TCS as well, which to apply first.This may result in incorrect use, reduced therapeutic effect and poor concordance.This article aims to explore normal skin barrier function, the disruption caused by AE, and some of the contemporary issues surrounding emollient therapy and topical corticosteroids.

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Effects of Skin Occlusion on Percutaneous Absorption: An Overview

Cited by 202 publications

References 35 publications

Improved Skin Penetration Using In Situ Nanoparticulate Diclofenac Diethylamine in Hydrogel Systems: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

Improved Skin Penetration Using In Situ Nanoparticulate Diclofenac Diethylamine in Hydrogel Systems: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

Films based on chitosan polyelectrolyte complexes for skin drug delivery: Development and characterization

Topical steroids and emollients in atopic eczema – which should be applied first?

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