Effects of Slow Breathing on Blood Pressure and End Tidal Carbon Dioxide in Hypertension: Randomised Controlled Trial

Breathing exercise for hypertensive patients: A scoping review

“…Slow and deep breathing can have a relaxing effect, through changes in the body’s biochemistry, such as increasing endorphins (substances that cause relaxation), lowering adrenaline, and lowering blood acidity ( Pickering et al, 2005 ), increasing baroreflex sensitivity, and lowering blood pressure ( Joseph et al, 2005 ) This breathing technique increases the length of the diaphragm contraction, minimizes the respiratory rate, and deepens the volume of inspiration and expiration, thus maximizing the amount of oxygen entering the bloodstream. Deep breathing exercises have been shown in numerous trials to be beneficial for hypertension patients ( Joseph et al, 2005 ; Ma et al, 2017 ; Srinivasan and Rajkumar, 2019 ). In hypertensive patients, slow and deep breathing exercises over a period of weeks can significantly lower SBP and DBP ( Elliot et al, 2004 ; Mourya et al, 2009 ), enhance baroreflex sensitivity, and significantly boost HRV in both prehypertensive and hypertensive people.…”

“…Numerous studies have demonstrated that six- to ten-breaths-per-minute deep diaphragmatic breathing exercises can increase arterial dilatation by stimulating heart-lung mechanoreceptors while reducing sympathetic nerve activity and chemoreflex activation. It raises parasympathetic activity and baroreflex sensitivity in hypertensive patients, lowering SBP and DBP ( Elliot et al, 2004 ; Joseph et al, 2005 ; Mourya et al, 2009 ; Wang et al, 2010 ; Srinivasan and Rajkumar, 2019 ).…”

The immediate effect of incorporating short-term slow abdominal respiration into an exercise program on balance and the autonomic nervous system

“…The slow-abdominal respiration The key features of multiple breathing methods, such as slow breathing, diaphragmatic breathing, abdominal breathing, and mindful breathing [5,[9][10][11] were selected to compose the SAR and were modified in order to fit for the subjects and the environment in this study so that the subjects could learn and apply the respiration techniques easily in a short period of time.…”

“…Breathing exercises can induce many bio-psychological effects such as improvement of attention, and reduction of stress, depression, and anxiety [1][2][3][4]. It also brings a range of positive effects on the physical aspects of healing in various areas, including car-diopulmonary, musculoskeletal, and pain management [5][6][7][8].…”

“…From the ancient times to the current history, many types of respiratory techniques have been practiced, and various methods of breathing have been presented in the previous studies. Slow breathing consists of longer inspiration and expiration, for example, 4 seconds of inspiration and 6 seconds of expiration [5]. In diaphragmatic breathing, a person puts the hands on the abdomen and inhales through the nose by expanding the abdomen, suspends the breath at the end of Values are presented as mean (SD) or number only.…”