Effects of some common additives on the antimicrobial activities of alcohol-based hand sanitizers

Thaddeus, Nzekwe Ifeanyi; Francis, Egbuna Chukwuemeka; Jane, Okpara Ogonna; Obumneme, Agubata Chukwuma; Okechukwu, Esimone Charles

doi:10.4103/1995-7645.228437

Cited by 16 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…ET and IPA both of 85% concentration were prepared by appropriately diluting the commercial alcohols using distilled water, as previously reported (Thaddeus et al 2018 ). To test with the organisms, a tube containing a sample of the sanitizer was placed in a water bath regulated at between 45 and 50°C.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing an ideal alcohol-based hand sanitizer: in vitro antibacterial responses of ethanol and isopropyl alcohol solutions to changing composition

et al. 2021

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This study aimed to achieve an in vitro quantification of the effects of composition and formulation factors on the killing rates of alcohol-based hand sanitizers. The killing rates of 85% ethyl alcohol (ET) and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) were studied under different conditions such as pH, electrolyte concentration, or inclusion of herbal extracts (cucumber, carrot, and aloe vera), a quaternary ammonium compound, or thickener over different time intervals. Changes in the activities were retested after 3 months as an indication of stability. From two-way ANOVA, both the time of exposure and the sanitizer type affected the activity against Staphylococcus aureus (P = 0.001 for both alcohols), whereas for Escherichia coli, time of exposure was significant (P = 0.027), while sanitizer type was less significant (P = 0.063). Extreme pHs, the presence of ions, and the inclusion of additives such as benzalkonium chloride (BAC), plant extracts, or carbomer impacted the 3-month activity of the samples differently. Important differences existing in the activities of ET and IPA, as a function of formulation factors or use conditions have been quantified using in vitro methods. Formulations should best be tailored for particular purposes and the all-purpose hand sanitizer may not exist. Graphic Abstract

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing an ideal alcohol-based hand sanitizer: in vitro antibacterial responses of ethanol and isopropyl alcohol solutions to changing composition

et al. 2021

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“…An interesting example is glycerol, the most frequently used humectant, intended to reduce dryness and irritation of the products. Although structurally a sugar alcohol with reported antimicrobial activity of its own at high concentrations [ 14 ], a number of studies have reported that glycerol can reduce the antimicrobial activity of ABHS [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. In a study which used the ethanol-based WHO formulation, lowering the glycerol level to 0.5% ( v / v ) was recommended as an optimal balance between antimicrobial efficacy and dermal tolerability [ 18 ].…”

Section: Faces Of the Tetrahedron: Inputsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers in COVID-19 Prevention: A Multidimensional Perspective

Abuga

Nyamweya²

2021

Pharmacy

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The global use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS) as an important means of controlling the transmission of infectious disease has increased significantly as governments and public health agencies across the world advocated hand hygiene as a preventative measure during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the performance of these products is most commonly defined as a function of their alcohol concentration, they are multifaceted products in which an interplay of several factors is important in determining efficacy. This paper discusses the interplay between ABHS input (formulation) factors and output (product performance) factors in the context of a multidimensional perspective using a novel representative paradigm. In the model, represented in the form of a three-dimensional tetrahedron, each of the faces represents inputs in the manufacturing of the ABHS product, which are the type and amount of alcohol, the inactive ingredients, the formulation and the manufacturing practices. The four corners of the tetrahedron represent the product performance factors which include product efficacy, sensory characteristics, usage and compliance and product safety. The multidimensional approach to the formulation and evaluation of ABHS shows that several factors contribute to the effectiveness and utility of these products. The paradigm provides a useful framework for manufacturers of ABHS and related healthcare products.

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“…An interesting example is glycerol, the most frequently used humectant. Although structurally a sugar alcohol with reported antimicrobial activity of its own at high concentrations [11], a number of studies have reported that glycerol can reduce the antimicrobial activity of ABHS [12,13,14,15]. In the latter study which used the ethanol-based WHO formulation, lowering the glycerol level to 0.5% (v/v) was recommended as an optimal balance between antimicrobial efficacy and dermal tolerability.…”

Section: Alcohol Type and Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers – A Multidimensional Perspective

Nyamwweya¹,

Abuga²

2020

Preprint

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The global use of alcohol based hand sanitizers (ABHS) as a means of controlling the transmission of infectious disease increased dramatically in 2020 as governments and public health agencies across the world advocated hand hygiene as a preventative measure during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the performance of these products is most commonly defined as a function of their alcohol concentration, they are multifaceted products in which an interplay of several factors is important in determining efficacy. The hand sanitizer tetrahedron, is a novel concept that considers both ABHS formulation factors and product performance factors from a multi-dimensional perspective. The four faces of the tetrahedron represent input/formulation factors: 1) the type and amount of alcohol, 2) inactive ingredients, 3) the type of formulation/delivery system and 4) manufacturing practices. The four corners of the tetrahedron represent output/product performance factors: 1) efficacy, 2) sensory characteristics, 3) usage, usability and compliance and 4) product safety/adverse effects. All factors are of importance to ensuring the effectiveness and utility of these products.

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Effects of some common additives on the antimicrobial activities of alcohol-based hand sanitizers

Cited by 16 publications

References 3 publications

Designing an ideal alcohol-based hand sanitizer: in vitro antibacterial responses of ethanol and isopropyl alcohol solutions to changing composition

Designing an ideal alcohol-based hand sanitizer: in vitro antibacterial responses of ethanol and isopropyl alcohol solutions to changing composition

Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers in COVID-19 Prevention: A Multidimensional Perspective

Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers – A Multidimensional Perspective

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