Effects of Spinal Cord X-irradiation on the Recovery of Paraplegic Rats

Ridet, Jean‐Luc; Pencalet, Philippe; Belcram, M.; Giraudeau, Bruno; Chastang, Claude; Philippon, J; Mallet, Jacques; Privat, Alain; Schwartz, Laurent

doi:10.1006/exnr.1999.7206

Cited by 37 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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Section: Physical Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…in SCi, regardless of whether the damage is contusive or compressive, the irradiated spinal cord reveals a prominent reduction in the extent of the astrocyte response, manifesting attenuated CSPG-matrix accumulation, glial scar and syringomyelia [106] . in addition, the conversion of a normally non-permissive environment into a friendly milieu induced by low-dose irradiation is conducive to motor recovery after SCi [107] .Based on a study of the injured mammalian spinal cord, the instructive effect of an imposed electrical field potentially has an influence on glial scar formation after SCi [108] . More importantly, in patients with complete SCi, implantation of an oscillating field stimulator for 15 weeks allows the recording of upper-extremity somatosensoryevoked potentials at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year [109] .…”

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confidence: 99%

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The glial scar in spinal cord injury and repair

2013

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Glial scarring following severe tissue damage and inflammation after spinal cord injury (SCi) is due to an extreme, uncontrolled form of reactive astrogliosis that typically occurs around the injury site. The scarring process includes the misalignment of activated astrocytes and the deposition of inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. Here, we first discuss recent developments in the molecular and cellular features of glial scar formation, with special focus on the potential cellular origin of scar-forming cells and the molecular mechanisms underlying glial scar formation after SCi. Second, we discuss the role of glial scar formation in the regulation of axonal regeneration and the cascades of neuro-inflammation. Last, we summarize the physical and pharmacological approaches targeting the modulation of glial scarring to better understand the role of glial scar formation in the repair of SCi.Keywords: glial scar; spinal cord injury; axonal regeneration; astrocyte activation; reactive astrogliosis; neuroinflammation IntroductionSpinal cord injury (SCi) is a common and devastating central nervous system (CNS) insult that results in disruption of cord microstructure and is followed by limited neuronal regeneration and insufficient functional recovery in adult mammals. After severe SCi, and in response to changes in the local microenvironment, astrocytes, the most abundant glial cells in the CNS, transform into reactive astrocytes and undergo dramatic morphological changes [1] as well as massive variations in gene expression [2] . Reactive astrocytes, the major component of glial scars, along with other cells in the spinal cord and blood-borne cells leaking from the damaged blood-spinal cord barrier, participate in the process of scar formation [3] .From the historical perspective, a glial scar is recognized as an impediment to the regeneration of axons in the cord because of the irregular rearrangement of hypertrophic astrocytic processes, as well as major components of the axonal inhibitory extracellular matrix (ECM), including chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) that are secreted by the reactive astrocytes [4] . Currently, increasing evidence is advancing our knowledge of the mechanism of the formation of glial scars after a lesion and the roles of glial scars in the regulation of neuro-inflammation and repair processes [5,6] .This article reviews the following: (1) the molecular and cellular properties of glial scar formation following SCi;(2) the roles of glial scar formation in axonal regeneration and neuro-inflammation; and (3) the current status of scarmodulating therapeutic strategies for spinal cord repair after injury. Molecular and Cellular Properties of Glial Scars Characterization of Glial ScarsTraumatic damage of the spinal cord can result in seallike scar tissue in the lesion zone, which is filled with dense cellular components and a connective matrix. Generally, the scar tissue is classified into two parts, fibrotic and glial. 422The fibrotic scar, primarily composed of invading fibrobl...

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Section: Physical Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The glial scar in spinal cord injury and repair

2013

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“…Previous studies demonstrated that radiation might induce partial recovery of motor function after complete section of the spinal cord, and to reduce cavitation (11,13,14,15,28). More recently, radiation is shown to improve motor function and spare spinal cord tissue after experimental SCI with compression and contusion (11,13,14,15,28). The mechanism of action of radiation is thought to be related to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of low-dose radiation in the treatment of sciatic nerve injury in rats

Göçmen¹,

Şirin²,

Oysul³

et al. 2011

Turkish Neurosurgery

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AIm: Peripheral nerve regeneration is often blocked by scar formation and misdirection of axon sprouts. The aim of this study is to evaluate electrophysiological and histopathological effects of low-dose radiation therapy on the prevention of intraneural scar formation in peripheral nerve injury. mAterIAl and methOds: In this experimental study, twenty rats were randomly divided into two groups. Left sciatic nerves were exposed and clipped by temporary aneurysm clip for 5 minutes in both groups. In all animals, electrophysiological recordings were performed between 22-24 hours after sciatic nerve injury. The control group was not given any treatment. In the experimental group, 700 cGy low-dose radiation was administered on the left sciatic nerves 24 hours after clipping. Six weeks after injury, electrophysiological recordings were performed in both groups and animals were sacrificed to evaluate the injured nerves histopathologically. results:We observed that low-dose radiotherapy increased the amplitude and improved latency measurements in electrophysiological examinations. Histopathologically, more axonal degeneration and vacuolization was observed in the control group comparing with the experimental group. Endoneural space increased slightly more in the control group than the experimental group.COnClusIOn: It was observed that low-dose radiotherapy may prevent intraneural scar formation and may improve electrophysiological recovery in sciatic nerve injury performed in rats.

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“…All animal motor performance examinations were evaluated using a modified Tarlov score (from 0 for paraplegic to 5 for normal rats). 9 All animals were killed by ketamine overdose at 1 week after the procedure. The thoracolumbar spine was removed en bloc.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy on the rat spinal cord

et al. 2008

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Study design: Experimental study. Objectives: To determine the effects of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) on the rat spinal cord. Methods: Animals were randomly divided into three groups. Groups 1 and 2 consisted of five rats each that underwent ESWL (2000 impulses at 15 kV and 2000 impulses at 18 kV, respectively) and group 3 contained five control rats (no shock wave treatment). ESWL-treated and control rats were compared with regard to light and electron microscopic findings of the adjacent spinal cord. Results: Gross neurological outcomes were normal in all groups. Light microscopic examination of group 1 showed extensive extravasation of red blood cells over all the interstitial spaces. Group 2 also had haemorrhagic areas and an irregular organization of axons in the white matter. Transmission electron microscopic examination of group 1 indicated extravasated red blood cells through the endothelium and swollen axoplasm, degenerated mitochondria, destruction of myelin sheaths and a slight increase in the number of lysosomes. Extravasated red blood cells were also seen in group 2. The axoplasmic mitochondria were enlarged, but no sign of mitochondrial degeneration was observed. Lamellar degeneration of myelin sheaths and abundant lysosomes were more predominant in group 2 than in group 1. Conclusion: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy caused not only haemorrhage but also damage to neuronal structures except the nucleus. Our findings showed that higher-energy ESWL caused more myelin degeneration in the spinal cord.

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Effects of Spinal Cord X-irradiation on the Recovery of Paraplegic Rats

Cited by 37 publications

References 59 publications

The glial scar in spinal cord injury and repair

The glial scar in spinal cord injury and repair

The effects of low-dose radiation in the treatment of sciatic nerve injury in rats

The effect of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy on the rat spinal cord

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