Effects of storage on dry matter, energy content and amount of extractives in Norway spruce bark

Routa, Johanna; Brännström, Hanna; Laitila, Juha

doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2020.105821

Cited by 25 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…A general trend, where the lower one goes in the pile, the higher the concentration of extractives is, could not, however, be confirmed in this study. Routa et al also looked at the effect of location in bark pile on extractives content in Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies, but they could not find similar general trends by TDS as were found in this study [23,24]. This difference may be explained by a variety of factors, such as their choice of solvent (pure acetone), difference in extraction method, pile formation and the raw material characteristics.…”

Section: The Effect Of Sampling Locationcontrasting

confidence: 61%

“…However, the effective heating value remained very stable at approximately 19.3 MJ/kg at all sampling points. These heating values are slightly higher than those reported by Routa et al for Picea abies bark at around 18.9 MJ/kg [24]. After storage for 24 weeks, the heating values decreased to 18.1 MJ/kg only on the top of the snow-covered pile due to increased ash content.…”

Section: Heating Values Of Stored Barkcontrasting

confidence: 59%

“…It has been previously reported that the extractives content in Pinus sylvestris chain flailing residue roughly halves during the first 4 weeks of storage, with the most significant changes showing in the hydrophilic fractions [22]. Similarly, Routa et al studied Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies bark in pile storage and found that only 56% and 66% of the acetone-soluble extractives remained after eight weeks of storage, respectively [23,24]. Čabalova et al also reported a significant decrease in Picea abies bark extractives extracted by ethanol-toluene mixture (2:1) and a relative increase in lignin and cellulose during 8 months of storage [25].…”

Section: Change In Total Dissolved Solidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Behaviour of Extractives in Norway Spruce (Picea abies) Bark during Pile Storage

et al. 2022

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The current practices regarding the procurement chain of forest industry sidestreams, such as conifer bark, do not always lead to optimal conditions for preserving individual chemical compounds. This study investigates the standard way of storing bark in large piles in an open area. We mainly focus on the degradation of the most essential hydrophilic and hydrophobic extractives and carbohydrates. First, two large 450 m3 piles of bark from Norway spruce (Picea abies) were formed, one of which was covered with snow. The degradation of the bark extractives was monitored for 24 weeks. Samples were taken from the middle, side and top of the pile. Each sample was extracted at 120 °C with both n-hexane and water, and the extracts produced were then analysed chromatographically using gas chromatography with flame ionisation or mass selective detection and high-performance liquid chromatography. The carbohydrates were next analysed using acidic hydrolysis and acidic methanolysis, followed by chromatographic separation of the monosaccharides formed and their derivatives. The results showed that the most intensive degradation occurred during the first 4 weeks of storage. The levels of hydrophilic extractives were also found to decrease drastically (69% in normal pile and 73% in snow-covered pile) during storage, whereas the decrease in hydrophobic extractives was relatively stable (15% in normal pile and 8% in snow-covered pile). The top of the piles exhibited the most significant decrease in the total level of extractives (73% in normal and snow-covered pile), whereas the bark in the middle of the pile retained the highest amount of extractives (decreased by 51% in normal pile and 47% in snow-covered pile) after 24-week storage.

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Section: The Effect Of Sampling Locationcontrasting

confidence: 61%

Section: Heating Values Of Stored Barkcontrasting

confidence: 59%

Section: Change In Total Dissolved Solidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Behaviour of Extractives in Norway Spruce (Picea abies) Bark during Pile Storage

et al. 2022

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“…The utilization of lignocellulosic biomass for energy generation is an important pillar for the contribution to achieve environmental requirements in the future, such as lowering the greenhouse gas emissions, and to reach independence from fossil fuel sources [1,2]. The by-product bark from sawmill, wood panel, and pulp industry is commonly used as fuel [3,4]. The amount of industrial roundwood (all roundwood used without energy wood) and wood fuel was stated to be nearly 4000 million m 3 worldwide (Africa, Asia-Pacific, Europe, Latin America and Caribbean, North America) in 2018 according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calorific Value and Ash Content of Extracted Birch Bark

Gruber

Seidl

Zanetti

et al. 2021

Forests

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Wood bark is one of the main residues in the forest industry worldwide. Currently, the bark is used to produce process heat and energy. A major amount of this is mainly used in power and heating plants. Due to the fact that the demand for heating energy is seasonal, the storage of bark is necessary. The storage process of bark and therefore related problems (like biomass loss, increase of ash content etc.) were discussed in previous studies. Different approaches to increase the economic and ecologic value of wood bark through gaining extractives from the bark were investigated in order to revalue this by-product as well. This study shows the change in calorific value and ash content of birch bark based on results of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). Regarding the energy content (gross calorific value), a comparison was made that showed that due to the extraction process, the energy content of the birch bark is decreased. The extraction yield of the methanol extracts results as 17.74%. The total phenolic content (TPC) of this extract was 447.75 mg GAE/g of oven-dried bark extracts. The amount of ash increased by 23.74% after the extraction. The gross calorific value of the birch bark decreased by 6.98%. The calculated energy content decreased from 2.48 MWh/m3 before extraction to 1.61 MWh/m3 after extraction, which is a loss of 35.08%. The obtained results show that through the extraction of birch bark via ultrasound-assisted extraction, valuable substances can be produced. At the same time, the ash content of extracted birch bark increased whereas the energy content decreased.

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“…The authors of [16] showed the importance of an appropriate covering strategy, in which a cover only on the top of piles may avoid their rewetting. The effect of pile covering has been studied for various types of comminuted raw materials such as pine or spruce bark [17][18][19], spruce logging residues [16,20], mixed species logging residues [21], poplar woodchips [22][23][24][25], and predominantly spruce roundwood chips [20,26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of an Innovative Bio-Based Wood Chip Storage Pile Cover—Can It Replace Plastic Tarps?

et al. 2022

Self Cite

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There is currently great general interest in reducing the use of fossil-based materials. Fossil-based tarps are still widely used as cover for wood chip storage piles, causing additional waste or requiring further waste treatment in the supply chain. This study aimed to investigate the performance of an innovative bio-based wood chip pile cover compared to conventional treatments (plastic-covered and uncovered) in eastern Finnish conditions. The experiment evaluated the drying process during the storage of stemwood chips during 5.9 months of storage. It included the developments of temperature, moisture content, heating value, energy content, basic density, particle size distribution, and the dry matter losses of a total of six piles. As a result, the forest stemwood chips dried by 11%, with dry-matter losses of 4.3%, when covered with the bio-pile cover. Using the plastic covering, the forest stemwood chips dried by 22%, with dry matter losses of 2.9%. At the end of the experiment, the energy content in plastic-covered piles was 6.1% higher than uncovered piles and 3.1% higher than bio-pile-covered piles. While differences in the key drying performance parameters can be observed, the differences between uncovered piles and those covered with plastic tarps, as well as between the bio-based and the uncovered piles, were not statistically significant. We conclude that the bio-based cover, under the studied conditions, do not render better storage conditions than in current practices. However, our study indicates possible fossil-substitutional benefits by using a bio-based cover, which calls for further R&D work in this matter.

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Effects of storage on dry matter, energy content and amount of extractives in Norway spruce bark

Cited by 25 publications

References 16 publications

Behaviour of Extractives in Norway Spruce (Picea abies) Bark during Pile Storage

Behaviour of Extractives in Norway Spruce (Picea abies) Bark during Pile Storage

Calorific Value and Ash Content of Extracted Birch Bark

Performance of an Innovative Bio-Based Wood Chip Storage Pile Cover—Can It Replace Plastic Tarps?

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