Effects of synthetic conditions on electrochemical activity of LiCoO2 prepared from recycled cobalt compounds

Thermal treatment process for the recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries

“…In many of the proposed hydrometallurgical recycling processes, the active cathode materials are separated from the cathode current collectors by dissolving the Al foils with NaOH, and the binder, Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF), is removed with N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) (Weng et al, 2013;Li et al, 2010). The obtained active cathode materials are then leached by either HCl (Wang et al, 2009;Joulie et al, 2014;Li et al, 2009a), HNO 3 (Ferreira et al, 2009), H 2 SO 4 (Zhu et al, 2012;Shin et al, 2005;Chen et al, 2011) or their mixtures (Bok et al, 2004). The valuable metals are separated from the Al in the leaching liquid by solvent extraction with extractants such as D2EHPA, PC-88A, Cyanex 272 and Acorga M5640 (Zhao et al, 2011;Granata et al, 2012;Pranolo et al, 2010;Zhang et al, 1998), followed by ion exchange (Li et al, 2009b) and electrochemical (Freitas and Garcia, 2007) or chemical precipitation processes (Li et al, 2009c).…”

A Review on Battery Market Trends, Second-Life Reuse, and Recycling

“…Although feasible, a rechargeable (secondary) variant of LMB has not been commercialized on a larger scale. LIBs, which employ a graphite-based anode, were commercialized in the 1990s [42], have high specific energy (~150 Wh/kg), high energy density (~400 Wh/L), long cycle life (>1000 cycles), a broad operating temperature range (charge at −20 • C to 60 • C, discharge at −40 • C to 65 • C), and low self-discharge rate (2-8% per month) [43]. LIBs are used in a wide variety of applications [43,44].…”

“…LIBs will be the dominant batteries in our waste streams in the immediate future. The quantity and weight of spent LIBs in 2020 is expected to surpass 25 billion units [42]. In addition to lithium, LIBs contain other metals, such as cobalt, nickel, manganese, aluminum, copper, among which cobalt, nickel, and manganese are considered toxic heavy metals.…”

Effect of Solid Reaction Temperature on the Cation Mixing and Electrochemical Properties of LiNi_0.4Co_0.2Mn_0.4O₂ Catode Materials in High Energy Li-Ion Batteries

“…Lithium ion batteries have been pervasively served in portable appliances since LiCoO 2 had been developed and put into commercial practice by Sony in 1990 [1][2]. This excellent cathode material, however, suffers from insufficient resource reserves of cobalt in nature, toxicity and safety worry [3], extensive and long-lasting researches for new alternatives have been underway in last two decades, especially for the power sources of electrical vehicle (EV) and hybrid electrical vehicle (HEVs) [4], the cathode materials of which need to meet a comprehensive performance demand of high energy and power density, long service life and higher safety. Among several promising alternative candidates, LiNi x Co 1−2x Mn x O 2 materials stand prominently, especially LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 , which have been incurring extensive investigations and been put successfully in commercial scale-up use in recent years.…”