Effects of the anti-thyroidal compound potassium-perchlorate on the thyroid system of the zebrafish

Developmental timing of sodium perchlorate exposure alters angiogenesis, thyroid follicle proliferation and sexual maturation in stickleback

“…The concentrations of perchlorate in this study are within the environmentally relevant range (Carr and Patiño, 2011; Smith et al, 2001; Theodorakis et al, 2006a; Theodorakis et al, 2006b) and similar responses of thyroid histomorphology have been described at concentrations lower than those used in the present study for zebrafish (Liu et al, 2006; Schmidt et al, 2012) and mosquitofish (Bradford et al, 2005). Thyroid tissue, sex ratios and gonad maturity were sensitive to chronic exposure that evoked observable changes during early stages of development.…”

“…Studies utilizing zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) (Mukhi et al, 2005; Patiño and Mukhi, 2007; Patiño et al, 2007; Patiño et al, 2003; Schmidt et al, 2012), eastern mosquitofish ( Gambusia holbrooki ) (Bradford et al, 2005; Park et al, 2006a), threespine stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ; hereafter, stickleback) (Bernhardt and von Hippel, 2008; Bernhardt et al, 2006; Bernhardt et al, 2011; Furin et al, 2015; Petersen et al, 2015), fathead minnows ( Pimephales promelas ) (Crane et al, 2005; Pickford et al, 2005), and short-finned molly ( Poecilia sphenops ) (Burcu et al, 2009) have all found detrimental effects on development and/or reproduction from perchlorate exposure. These detrimental effects include: reduced growth rates (Bernhardt et al, 2011; Crane et al, 2005; Liu et al, 2008; Mukhi and Patiño, 2007; Mukhi et al, 2007a; Park et al, 2006b; Schmidt et al, 2012), skeletal abnormalities (Bernhardt et al, 2011; Furin et al, 2015), abnormal thyroid histomorphology (Bradford et al, 2005; Crane et al, 2005; Liu et al, 2006; Liu et al, 2008; Mukhi et al, 2005; Mukhi and Patiño, 2007; Patiño et al, 2003; Petersen et al, 2015; Schmidt et al, 2012), reduced reproductive output (Bernhardt and von Hippel, 2008; Bernhardt et al, 2006; Mukhi and Patiño, 2007; Patiño et al, 2003), skewed sex ratio (Mukhi et al, 2007a), and intersex gonads (Bernhardt et al, 2006). …”

Thyroid endocrine system disruption by pentachlorophenol: An in vitro and in vivo assay

“…PCP decreased the plasma T4 levels in rats (BruckerDavis, 1998;Kawaguchi et al, 2008). Decreased T4 levels are frequently observed in mammals, amphibian and fish models exposed to TH endocrine disruptors, e.g., PBDEs (Tomy et al, 2004;Ellis-Hutchings et al, 2006;Lema et al, 2008;Yu et al, 2010), PCBs (Donahue et al, 2004;Martin and Klaassen, 2010;Schnitzler et al, 2011), and perchlorates (Mukhi and Patino, 2007;Opitz et al, 2009;Schmidt et al, 2012). Decreased TT4 and increased TT3 levels and the consequent increased ratio of T3/T4 are frequently observed in fish exposed to TH endocrine disruptors (Chen et al, 2012;Wang et al, 2013).…”

Toxicological effects of clofibric acid and diclofenac on plasma thyroid hormones of an Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala during short and long-term exposures

“…Decreased level of plasma T 4 was observed in A. anguilla exposed to chromium and copper (Teles et al, 2005), in crucian carp (Carassius auratus) exposed to extracted microcystins (Li et al, 2008), in sea bream (Sparus aurata) treated with diethylstilbestrol, ioxynil and propilthyouracil (Morgado et al, 2009), in D. rerio exposed to various concentrations of potassium perchlorate (Schmidt et al, 2012), and also pentachlorophenol exposure in zebrafish larvae . A lower level of T 4 may be due to an increased activity of UDP-transferase which responsible for glucuronidation and clearance of T 4 (Zhou et al, 2001;Hallgren and Darnerud, 2002).…”

“…These three endpoints are routinely used for evaluating TH homeostasis in fish (O'Connor et al, 2000;Yamasaki et al, 2002) and also routinely used as potential biomarkers (Zaccaroni et al, 2009) in fish (Sayed et al, 2012). However, information on effects of environmental pollutants on the thyroid system in fish is still scarce (Schmidt et al, 2012).…”