No abstract

Abstract. With increasing pressure to extract minerals from the deep-sea bed, understanding the ecological and evolutionary processes that limit the spatial distribution of species is critical to assessing ecosystem resilience to mining impacts. The aim of our study is to gain a better knowledge about the abyssal isopod crustacean fauna of the central Pacific manganese nodule province (Clarion–Clipperton Fracture Zone, CCZ). In total, we examined 22 epibenthic sledge (EBS) samples taken at five abyssal areas located in the central northern Pacific including four contracting areas and one Area of Particular Environmental Interest (APEI3). Additional samples come from the DISturbance and reCOLonization experiment (DISCOL) area situated in the Peru Basin, southeastern Pacific. Using an integrative approach that combined morphological and genetic methods with species delimitation analyses (SDs) we assessed patterns of species range size, diversity, and community composition for four different isopod families (Munnopsidae Lilljeborg, 1864; Desmosomatidae Sars, 1897; Haploniscidae Hansen, 1916; and Macrostylidae Hansen, 1916) displaying different dispersal capacities as adults. Isopods are brooders, so their distribution and connectivity cannot be explained by larval dispersal but rather by adult locomotion. In particular, our objectives were to (1) identify potential differences in the distributional ranges of isopod families relative to their locomotory potential and to (2) evaluate the representativeness of the APEI for the preservation of regional biodiversity in the CCZ following mining disturbances. From 619 specimens, our SD analysis could distinguish 170 species, most of which were new to science (94.1 %). We found that increased locomotory ability correlated with higher species diversity with 9 species of Macrostylidae, 23 of Haploniscidae, 52 of Desmosomatidae, and 86 of Munnopsidae. This is supported by family-level rarefaction analyses. As expected, we found the largest species ranges in the families with swimming abilities, with a maximum recorded species range of 5245 and 4480 km in Munnopsidae and Desmosomatidae, respectively. The less motile Haploniscidae and Macrostylidae had maximal species ranges of 1391 and 1440 km, respectively. Overall, rarefaction analyses indicated that species richness did not vary much between areas, but the real number of species was still not sufficiently sampled. This is also indicated by the large proportion of singletons (40.5 %) found in this study. The investigated contractor areas in the CCZ were more similar in species composition and had a higher proportion of shared species between each other than the closely located APEI3 and the distantly located DISCOL area. In fact, the DISCOL area, located in the Peru Basin, had more species in common with the core CCZ areas than APEI3. In this regard, APEI3 does not appear to be representative as serving as a reservoir for the fauna of the investigated contractor areas, at least for isopods, as it has a different species composition. Certainly, more data from other APEIs, as well as preservation reference zones within contractor areas, are urgently needed in order to assess their potential as resources of recolonization of impacted seabed.

No abstract

The barrier formed by the Greenland-Scotland-Ridge (GSR) shapes the oceanic conditions in the region around Iceland. Deep water cannot be exchanged across the ridge, and only limited water mass exchange in intermediate layers is possible through deep channels, where the flow is directed southwestward (the Nordic Overflows). As a result, the near-bottom water masses in the deep basins of the northern North Atlantic and the Nordic Seas hold major temperature differences. Here, we use near-bottom measurements of about 88,000 CTD (conductivity-temperature-depth) and bottle profiles, collected in the period 1900-2008, to investigate the distribution of near-bottom properties. Data are gridded into regular boxes of about 11 km size and interpolated following isobaths. We derive average spatial temperature and salinity distributions in the region around Iceland, showing the influence of the GSR on the near-bottom hydrography. The spatial distribution of standard deviation is used to identify local variability, which is enhanced near water mass fronts. Finally, property changes within the period 1975-2008 are presented using time series analysis techniques for a collection of grid boxes with sufficient data resolution. Seasonal variability, as well as long term trends are discussed for different bottom depth classes, representing varying water masses. The seasonal cycle is most pronounced in temperature and decreases with depth (mean amplitudes of 2.2°C in the near surface layers vs. 0.2°C at depths >500 m), while linear trends are evident in both temperature and salinity (maxima in shallow waters of þ0.33°C/decade for temperature and þ 0.03/ decade for salinity).