The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that sumanirole is a novel dopamine receptor agonist with high in vitro and in vivo selectivity for the D 2 receptor subtype. Sumanirole, (R)-5,6-dihydro-5-(methylamino)-4H-imidazo[4,5,1-ij]quinolin-2(1H)-one (Z)-2-butenedioate (1:1), is unique; it has greater than 200-fold selectivity for the D 2 receptor subtype versus the other dopamine receptor subtypes in radioligand binding assays. In cell-based assays, sumanirole is a fully efficacious agonist, with EC 50 values between 17 and 75 nM. In animals, sumanirole elicits many physiological responses attributed to D 2 -like receptor function. In rats, sumanirole is a full agonist for elevation of striatal acetylcholine levels (ED 50 ϭ 12.1 mol/kg i.p.). Sumanirole s.c. dose dependently decreased plasma prolactin levels and depressed dopamine neuron firing rates in the substantia nigra pars compacta with an ED 50 of 2.3 mol/kg i.v. This high selectivity for D 2 receptors translates into excellent locomotor stimulant activity in animal models of Parkinson's disease. In reserpinized, ␣-methyl-para-tyrosine-treated rats, sumanirole caused a significant and sustained increase in horizontal activity at doses Ն12.5 mol/kg s.c. In unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats, sumanirole caused profound, sustained rotational behavior and was substantially more efficacious than any other agonist tested. Sumanirole-stimulated rotational behavior was blocked by the dopamine receptor antagonist haloperidol. Sumanirole dose dependently improved disability scores and locomotor activities of two of three 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-lesioned monkeys. In summary, sumanirole is the first published selective D 2 receptor agonist. The compound has activity in animal models of dopamine hypofunction and has a high level of efficacy in animal models of Parkinson's disease.Parkinson's disease results from degeneration of the dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra and is characterized by bradykinesia, tremors, and muscular rigidity. Several dopamine receptor agonists have been used as antiparkinsonian therapy, including bromocriptine, cabergoline, pergolide, pramipexole, and ropinirole (Hagan et al., 1997). Pramipexole, cabergoline, and ropinirole are effective as monotherapy in early stage Parkinson's disease and their use significantly delays the initiation of L-dopa therapy (Inzelberg et al., 2003;Bracco et al., 2004). Dopamine agonists are also used as adjuncts to L-dopa. The combined treatment enables lower doses of L-dopa, which decreases the incidence of response fluctuations and dyskinesias. However, currently available dopaminergic therapy, including agonists and L-dopa therapy, can elicit side effects, including psychiatric complications and somnolence (Lieberman, 1995). Thus, there is a need for new compounds with fewer side effects (Hobson et al., 2002;Etminan et al., 2003).There are at least five subtypes of dopamine receptors, grouped into two subfamilies, D 1 -like and D 2 -like, based on pharmacological...