Effects of three landscape treatments on residential energy and water use in Tucson, Arizona

McPherson, E. Gregory; Simpson, James; Livingston, Margaret

doi:10.1016/0378-7788(89)90004-2

Cited by 65 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Aspects of ITM are evident in architecture and applied engineering, in the modelling of buildings and indoor climates (McPherson, 1980;McPherson et al, 1989;Mills, 1997). ITM consists of scaling overall dimensions of buildings geometrically, but controlling thermal behaviour by regulating the thermal mass c M in the 'wall' of the model compared with that in its 'interior'.…”

Section: The Internal Thermal Mass Approach To Scalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…bottled water. To conserve the thermal response of the model in real time, the ITM of the model is scaled by the ratio of scaled to full-scaled wall volume (McPherson, 1980;McPherson et al, 1989) …”

Section: The Internal Thermal Mass Approach To Scalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, for many single-family wooden houses in Vancouver and elsewhere, it is reasonable to assume that building form can be approximated by a cube with proportionately thin walls. In such cases, a simplification is possible because the ratio c Mim :c Mih then approaches F 2 (McPherson, 1980;McPherson et al, 1989;Richards, 1999). The error involved in scaling by F 2 is conservative: slightly more thermal inertia is added to the model than is strictly required.…”

Section: The Internal Thermal Mass Approach To Scalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This provided 0.18 MJ K −1 of interior thermal mass c Mim for each model house and simulated the existence of otherwise absent internal free-standing walls and furnishings, the assumed thermal mass of which was scaled by 0.0156, according to the ITM approach. It was assumed that c Mih for a single-family dwelling was ∼12.8 MJ K −1 (McPherson et al, 1989). Roofs were removable to permit access to instruments, and attics were passively ventilated via openings in each gable, to prevent them overheating during daytime (McPherson, 1980).…”

Section: The Hardware Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Validation and results of a scale model of dew deposition in urban environments

Richards

Oke

2002

Intl Journal of Climatology

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There is growing interest in urban dew and its significance in questions of urban climate and air pollution deposition, but little research has been undertaken to study it. In this study, a generic, urban residential neighbourhood is modelled out-of-doors at a scale of 0.125, using three wooden houses (1.08 m tall), a concrete pavement (1.0 m in width), a grassed park (7.5 m in half-width) and several small trees (up to 1.5 m tall). The thermal inertia of each house is inflated, according to the internal thermal mass (ITM) approach, so that nocturnal surface temperatures are conserved. First-order validation was achieved through comparison with data collected at nearby full-scale sites in Vancouver, BC, Canada. Moisture accumulation (measured by blotting on grass and by lysimetry) is found to be primarily controlled by nocturnal weather conditions and the intrinsic nature of each substrate, e.g. dewfall is abundant on nights with few clouds and light winds, and on surfaces such as grass and asphalt-shingle roofs, which cool rapidly after sunset. However, these responses are modified by location effects related to the net radiation balance of the surface, which itself is strongly linked to site geometry as expressed by sky view factor and whether surfaces are isolated from heat sources. The dominant mechanism is argued to be the systematic increase in longwave radiation loss that is associated with increased sky view. Results agree with those observed at the full scale and suggest that maps of sky view factor, and knowledge of dew at an open site, can potentially be used to create maps of dew distribution in urban and other complex environments.

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Section: The Internal Thermal Mass Approach To Scalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Internal Thermal Mass Approach To Scalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Internal Thermal Mass Approach To Scalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Hardware Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Validation and results of a scale model of dew deposition in urban environments

Richards

Oke

2002

Intl Journal of Climatology

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“…In dry climates, the cooling due to evapotranspiration is often offset by increased irrigation costs (14). Contrastingly, in presence of adequate amount of ground water, a single tree transpiring about 400litres of water daily can provide airconditioning efficiency of 20 kW (15). While shading and evapotranspiration are direct methods of coolings.…”

Section: Passive Cooling Of the Ambient Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%