Effects of Three Months of Total Social Deprivation on Social Adjustment and Learning in the Rhesus Monkey

Griffin, Gary A.; Harlow, Harry F.

doi:10.2307/1126677

Cited by 54 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Investigators working with primates and dogs have become increasingly skeptical about the effects of early enrichment on later intellectual performance (Fuller, 1967;Griffin & Harlow, 1966;Sackett, 1967b;Singh, 1966). These authors conclude that most apparent intellectual deficits can be attributed to emergence stress or permanent deficits in social, emotional, or exploratory behaviors.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative effects of early rearing environment and genotype on discrimination learning in house mice.

Henderson¹

1972

Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology

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Seven hundred and sixty-eight mice from six inbred strains and their Fi crosses were reared in enriched or smaller laboratory cages for the first 6 wk. of life. Subsequent performance on black-white and vertical-horizontal discrimination, transfer of training, nonvisual T maze, and reversal learning indicated a strong degree of directional dominance on all but one task. On all tasks, early enrichment and maternal effects were extremely small relative to the amount of normal genetic variation found among the strains tested. Few Genotype X Environment interactions were found. A high genetic correlation was found between visual discrimination tasks, which in turn were negatively correlated with nonvisual T-maze performance.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative effects of early rearing environment and genotype on discrimination learning in house mice.

Henderson¹

1972

Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology

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“…Animal research has also clearly shown that early environmental impoverishment results in impairments in various aspects of learning, cognition, and memory (Renner & Rosenzweig, 1987). In rhesus monkeys there is clear convergent evidence for deficits in aspects of learning and cognition following nursery-rearing (Beauchamp & Gluck, 1988;Beauchamp, Gluck, Fouty & Lewis, 1991;Gluck & Sackett, 1976;Gluck, Harlow & Schiltz, 1973;Griffin & Harlow, 1966;Harlow, Schiltz, & Harlow, 1969;Kraemer & Bachevalier, 1998;Sanchez, Hearn, Do, Rilling, & Herndon, 1998).…”

Section: Nonhuman Primate Model For Early Childhood Adversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonhuman Primate Research Contributions to Understanding Genetic and Environmental Influences on Phenotypic Outcomes across Development

Bennett

Pierre

2010

Handbook of Developmental Science, Behavior, and Genetics

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“…The concentration of SP immunoreactivity in monkey visual cortex (Hendry et al, 1988) and the level of preproenkephalin mRNA in the nucleus of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve (Nishimori et al, 1990) show an activitydependent regulation. This seems an unlikely explanation, because the general physical activity of SD monkeys initially is equal to or greater than that of SR controls (Griffin and Harlow, 1966;Miller et al, 1971;Fittinghoff et al, 1974); thus, the quality and nature of the motoric activity, rather than the frequency of the activity, may be an important variable. Furthermore, these changes may result from early, chronic stress.…”

Section: Possible Mechanisms Accounting For Chemoarchitectonic Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Social deprivation of infant rhesus monkeys alters the chemoarchitecture of the brain: I. Subcortical regions

et al. 1991

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Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) reared during the first year of life without social contact develop persistent stereotyped movements, self-directed behaviors, and psychosocial abnormalities, but neurobiological mechanisms underlying the behaviors of socially deprived (SD) monkeys are unknown. Monkeys were reared in total social deprivation for the first 9 months of life; control monkeys were reared socially (SR) with mothers and peers. Subjects were killed at 19-24 yr of age. Because the behaviors of SD monkeys are reminiscent of changes in striatal or amygdalar function, we used immunocytochemistry for substance P (SP), leucine-enkephalin (LENK), somatostatin, calbindin, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) to evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively patterns of neurotransmitter marker immunoreactivity within subcortical regions. In SD monkeys, the chemoarchitecture of the striatum was altered. Neuronal cell bodies and processes immunoreactive for SP and LENK were depleted markedly in patch (striosome) and matrix regions of the caudate nucleus and putamen; the average density of SP-immunoreactive neurons was reduced 58% relative to SR monkeys. Calbindin and TH immunoreactivities were diminished in the matrix of caudate and putamen of SD monkeys. TH-immunoreactive neurons, but not cresyl violet-stained neurons, in the substantia nigra pars compacta were decreased (43%) in SD monkeys. Peptide-immunoreactive terminals were reduced in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra in SD monkeys. The nucleus accumbens was the least affected of striatal regions. Striatal somatostatin immunoreactivity wa qualitatively and quantitatively similar in SD and SR monkeys. Several regions, for example, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, amygdala, and basal forebrain magnocellular complex, that were in the same sections and are enriched in these markers did not appear altered in SD monkeys, suggesting a regional specificity for vulnerability. The altered chemoarchitecture of some basal ganglia regions in adult monkeys that experienced social deprivation as infants suggests that the postnatal maturation of neurotransmitter phenotypes in some structures is influenced by social environment. Abnormal motor and psychosocial behaviors resulting from this form of social/sensory deprivation may result from alterations in peptidergic and dopaminergic systems within the basal ganglia.

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Effects of Three Months of Total Social Deprivation on Social Adjustment and Learning in the Rhesus Monkey

Cited by 54 publications

References 7 publications

Relative effects of early rearing environment and genotype on discrimination learning in house mice.

Relative effects of early rearing environment and genotype on discrimination learning in house mice.

Nonhuman Primate Research Contributions to Understanding Genetic and Environmental Influences on Phenotypic Outcomes across Development

Social deprivation of infant rhesus monkeys alters the chemoarchitecture of the brain: I. Subcortical regions

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