Effects of Toxic Leachate from Commercial Plastics on Larval Survival and Settlement of the Barnacle <i>Amphibalanus amphitrite</i>

Li, Heng‐Xiang; Getzinger, Gordon J.; Ferguson, P. Lee; Orihuela, Beatriz; Mei, Zhu; Rittschof, Daniel

doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b02781

Cited by 228 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Here, migrates from PVC and PUR induced the highest acute toxicity compared to other commodity plastics in the freshwater cladoceran Daphnia magna, 54 the marine copepod Nitocra spinipes, 55 and the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite. 56 PVC and PUR are known to require large numbers and quantities of additives and have been ranked most hazardous based on their chemical composition. 57 Notably, all PLA products induced strong baseline toxicity similar to PVC and PUR.…”

Section: Environmental Science and Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Benchmarking the in Vitro Toxicity and Chemical Composition of Plastic Consumer Products

Zimmermann

Dierkes

Ternes

et al. 2019

Environ. Sci. Technol.

295

231

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Plastics are known sources of chemical exposure and few, prominent plastic-associated chemicals, such as bisphenol A and phthalates, have been thoroughly studied. However, a comprehensive characterization of the complex chemical mixtures present in plastics is missing. In this study, we benchmark plastic consumer products, covering eight major polymer types, according to their toxicological and chemical signatures using in vitro bioassays and nontarget high-resolution mass spectrometry. Most (74%) of the 34 plastic extracts contained chemicals triggering at least one end point, including baseline toxicity (62%), oxidative stress (41%), cytotoxicity (32%), estrogenicity (12%), and antiandrogenicity (27%). In total, we detected 1411 features, tentatively identified 260, including monomers, additives, and nonintentionally added substances, and prioritized 27 chemicals. Extracts of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyurethane (PUR) induced the highest toxicity, whereas polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) caused no or low toxicity. High baseline toxicity was detected in all “bioplastics” made of polylactic acid (PLA). The toxicities of low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polystyrene (PS), and polypropylene (PP) varied. Our study demonstrates that consumer plastics contain compounds that are toxic in vitro but remain largely unidentified. Since the risk of unknown compounds cannot be assessed, this poses a challenge to manufacturers, public health authorities, and researchers alike. However, we also demonstrate that products not inducing toxicity are already on the market.

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Section: Environmental Science and Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Benchmarking the in Vitro Toxicity and Chemical Composition of Plastic Consumer Products

Zimmermann

Dierkes

Ternes

et al. 2019

Environ. Sci. Technol.

295

231

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“…1 Previous studies have described acute toxicity of leachable fractions of various plastic types toward Daphnia magna 17,18 and the marine copepod Nitocra spinipes. 19 Li et al (2016) 20 revealed larval toxicity and settlement inhibition to the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrine during a 24 h exposure scenario in leachates from seven recyclable commercial plastic products. Cytotoxic end points like cell growth, survival and colony-forming capability were negatively affected by plastic leachates from biomedical devices tested in the human cell line L929 after 1 h of exposure.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Leachates from UV-Weathered Microplastic in Cell-Based Bioassays

Rummel

Escher

Sandblom

et al. 2019

Environ. Sci. Technol.

114

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Standard ecotoxicological testing of microplastic does not provide insight into the influence that environmental weathering by, e.g., UV light has on related effects. In this study, we leached chemicals from plastic into artificial seawater during simulated UV-induced weathering. We tested largely additive-free preproduction polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, and polystyrene and two types of plastic obtained from electronic equipment as positive controls. Leachates were concentrated by solid-phase extraction and dosed into cell-based bioassays that cover (i) cytotoxicity; (ii) activation of metabolic enzymes via binding to the arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARγ); (iii) specific, receptor-mediated effects (estrogenicity, ERα); and (iv) adaptive response to oxidative stress (AREc32). LC-HRMS analysis was used to identify possible chain-scission products of polymer degradation, which were then tested in AREc32 and PPARγ. Explicit activation of all assays by the positive controls provided proof-of-concept of the experimental setup to demonstrate effects of chemicals liberated during weathering. All plastic leachates activated the oxidative stress response, in most cases with increased induction by UV-treated samples compared to dark controls. For PPARγ, polyethylene-specific effects were partially explained by the detected dicarboxylic acids. Since the preproduction plastic showed low effects often in the range of the blanks future studies should investigate implications of weathering on end consumer products containing additives.

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“…For nanomaterials, mostly ions are released, such as Zn 2+ or Co 2+ from zinc oxide (ZnO) or tungsten carbide–cobalt (WC‐Co) nanoparticles, respectively (e.g., Kühnel et al ). For MP, the leaching of soluble additives shows an equivalent dissolution effect, and impact on organisms has been demonstrated by Bejgarn et al () and Li et al (). However, exposing organisms to a mixture of particles and dissolved substances results in difficulties in the evaluation of toxicity tests because the bioavailability and uptake kinetics of particles and plastic‐derived chemicals into organisms may differ.…”

Section: Microplastic Particles: Sample Preparation In Liquid Mediamentioning

confidence: 73%

From the sea to the laboratory: Characterization of microplastic as prerequisite for the assessment of ecotoxicological impact

Potthoff

Oelschlägel

Schmitt‐Jansen

et al. 2017

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

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This is 1 of 15 invited commentaries in the series "Current Understanding of Risks Posed by Microplastics in the Environment." Each peer-reviewed commentary reflects the views and knowledge of international experts in this field and, collectively, inform our current understanding of microplastics fate and effects in the aquatic environment. ABSTRACTThe presence of microplastic (MP) in the aquatic environment is recognized as a global-scale pollution issue. Secondary MP particles result from an ongoing fragmentation process governed by various biotic and abiotic factors. For a reliable risk assessment of these MP particles, knowledge about interactions with biota is needed. However, extensive testing with standard organisms under reproducible laboratory conditions with well-characterized MP suspensions is not available yet. As MP in the environment represents a mixture of particles differing in properties (e.g., size, color, polymer type, surface characteristics), it is likely that only specific particle fractions pose a threat towards organisms. In order to assign hazardous effects to specific particle properties, these characteristics need to be analyzed. As shown by the testing of particles (e.g., nanoparticles), characteristics other than chemical properties are important for the emergence of toxicity in organisms, and parameters such as surface area or size distribution need consideration. Therefore, the use of "well-defined" particles for ecotoxicological testing (i.e., standard particles) facilitates the establishment of causal links between physical-chemical properties of MP particles and toxic effects in organisms. However, the benefits of well-defined particles under laboratory conditions are offset by the disadvantage of the unknown comparability with MP in the environment. Therefore, weathering effects caused by biological, chemical, physical or mechanical processes have to be considered. To date, the characterization of the progression of MP weathering based on powder and suspension characterization methods is in its infancy. The aim of this commentary is to illustrate the prerequisites for testing MP in the laboratory from 3 perspectives: (i) knowledge of particle properties; (ii) behavior of MP in test setups involving ecotoxicological test organisms; and (iii) accordingly, test conditions that may need adjustment. Only under those prerequisites will reliable hazard assessment of MP be feasible.

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Effects of Toxic Leachate from Commercial Plastics on Larval Survival and Settlement of the Barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite

Cited by 228 publications

References 60 publications

Benchmarking the in Vitro Toxicity and Chemical Composition of Plastic Consumer Products

Benchmarking the in Vitro Toxicity and Chemical Composition of Plastic Consumer Products

Effects of Leachates from UV-Weathered Microplastic in Cell-Based Bioassays

From the sea to the laboratory: Characterization of microplastic as prerequisite for the assessment of ecotoxicological impact

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