Effects of tributyltin chloride (TBTCl) on detoxication enzymes in aquatic plants

Pflugmacher, Stephan; Schwarz, Silke; Pachur, Hans Joachim; Steinberg, Christian E. W.

doi:10.1002/1522-7278(2000)15:3<225::aid-tox7>3.0.co;2-f

Cited by 19 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Similar classes of contaminants induce phase I enzymes in plant systems; for example, tributyltin chloride (Pflugmacher et al 2000b) , manganese, ethanol, phenobarbital and the herbicides dichlobenil and monuron (Reichhart et al 1980) .…”

Section: Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CYP1A is a gene that encodes for a member of the cytochrome P-450 superfamily of enzymes. Catalytic activity toward 7-ER is a functional indicator of the amount of CYP1A present in a tissue sample measured fluorometrically as resorufin, at 530 and 580 nm (Pflugmacher et al 2000b ;Whyte et al 2000) . Activity in the sample is standardized based on protein content of the microsomes (Bradford 1976 ;Whyte et al 2000) .…”

Section: Quantificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Activity in the sample is standardized based on protein content of the microsomes (Bradford 1976 ;Whyte et al 2000) . Plant tissue samples for microsomal and soluble protein extracts can be prepared as described by Pflugmacher et al (2000b) . P-450 activity has also been measured using a cinnamic acid hydroxylation assay, in which production of p-coumaric acid from trans-[3-14 C]cinnamic acid is measured by radiochromatography and scintillation counting (Reichhart et al 1980) .…”

Section: Quantificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…No gross morphological or physiological parameters were reported as a basis of comparison. Pflugmacher et al (2000b) found that tributyltin chloride (TBTCl) significantly decreased cytochrome P-450 activity in a concentration-dependent manner using the EROD assay in Cladophora sp. microsomal fractions.…”

Section: Applications To Evaluate Xenobiotic Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biomarkers in Aquatic Plants: Selection and Utility

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Cedergreen

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

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This review emphasizes the predictive ability, sensitivity and specificity of aquatic plant biomarkers as biomonitoring agents of exposure and effect. Biomarkers of exposure are those that provide functional measures of exposure that are characterized at a sub-organism level. Biomarkers of effect require causal linkages between the biomarker and effects, measured at higher levels of biological organization. With the exception of pathway specific metabolites, the biomarkers assessed in this review show variable sensitivity and predictive ability that is often confounded by variations in growth conditions, rendering them unsuitable as stand alone indicators of environmental stress. The use of gene expression for detecting pollution has been, and remains immature; this immaturity derives from inadequate knowledge on predictive ability, sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, the ability to the detect mode of action of unknown toxicants using gene expression is not as clear-cut as initially hypothesized. The principal patterns in gene expression is not as clear-cut as initially hypothesized. The principal patterns in gene expression are generally derived from stress induced genes, rather than on ones that respond to substances with known modes of action (Baerson et al. 2005). Future developments in multivariate statistics and chemometric methods that enhance pattern analyses in ways that could produce a "fingerprint", may improve methods for discovering modes of action of unknown toxicants. Pathway specific metabolites are unambiguous, sensitive, correlate well to growth effects, and are relatively unaffected by growth conditions. These traits make them excellent biomarkers under both field and laboratory conditions. Changes in metabolites precede visible growth effects; therefore, measuring changes in metabolite concentrations (Harring et al. 1998; Shaner et al. 2005). The metabolic phase I enzymes (primarily associated with P-450 activity) are non-specific biomarkers, and few studies relate them to growth parameters. P-450 activity both increases and decreases in response to chemical stress, often confounding interpretation of experimental results. Alternatively, phase II metabolic enzymes (e.g., glutathione S-transferases; GST's) appear to be sensitive biomarkers of exposure, and potentially effect. Some GST's are affected by growth factors, but others may only be induced by xenobiotics. Measuring xenobiotic-induced GST's, or their gene expression patterns, are good candidates for future biomarkers of the cumulative load of chemical stress, both in the laboratory and under field conditions. Phytochelatins respond to some but not all metal ions, and may therefore be used as biomarkers of exposure to identify the presence and bioavailability of ions to which they respond. However, more data on their specificity to, and interactions with growth factors, in more species are needed. The flavenoids are only represented by one heavy metal exposure study; therefore their use as biomarkers is currently difficult to judge. S...

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Section: Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Quantificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Quantificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Applications To Evaluate Xenobiotic Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biomarkers in Aquatic Plants: Selection and Utility

Brain

Cedergreen

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

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“…Surprisingly, only in A. linnaei exposed to MC-LR in combination with BMAA, significantly increased GST activity was found after one day and one week (see also Section 4.3). Especially based upon the previous observation that in the filamentous green algae Cladophora sp., belonging taxonomically to the same family as A. linnaei, similar constitutive GST levels compared to macrophytes can be found (Pflugmacher et al, 2000), the missing activity increase in A. linnaei exposed exclusively to MC-LR in the present study was against expectations. Hence, to clarify if the observed GST activity increase in A. linnaei exposed to the toxins in mixture was provoked by MC-LR, the formation of according MC-LR metabolites should be verified.…”

Section: Toxin Concentration In a Linnaeimentioning

confidence: 99%