Effects of tylosin as a disturbance on the soil microbial community

Changes in functional diversity of soil microbial community with addition of antibiotics sulfamethoxazole and chlortetracycline

“…Tylosin showed no effect on the number of substrate utilization between the treated and untreated soils (Westergaard et al 2001), but the present study found that SMX and CTC both inhibited L-α-glycerol utilization. Analysis of the loading of influential carbon sources on PC1 and PC2 showed that SMX utilized more N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, which was consistent with a reported result of pesticide treatment (Lupwayi et al 2009).…”

“…In the present study, antibiotic addition caused an improvement of soil microbial community function than the control in the late incubation period. This may indicate that antibiotics could act as nutrients for soil microbial growth (Schmitt et al 2005;Thiele-Bruhn and Beck 2005;Westergaard et al 2001). Similar results had been reported that fungicides and insecticides increased bacterial biomass because they were also used as carbon and nutrient sources for microbial growth (Cycoń et al 2006;Monkiedje et al 2002;Wang et al 2004).…”

“…Results of DGGE showed that the difference of soil microbial community diversity between tylosin treatment and non-tylosin treatment diminished after an incubation period of 15 days. But, the altered microbial community structure measured by Biolog method remained over the whole incubation period of 2 months (Westergaard et al 2001). In the present study, the PCA plots (Figs.…”

“…Some previous studies also reported that antibiotic-induced changes of soil microbial community structures might proceed a longer time once initiated (Hammesfahr et al 2008;Schmitt et al 2004;Thiele-Bruhn and Beck 2005). In another study (Westergaard et al 2001), antibiotic effects of tylosin on soil microbial community structure were, respectively, measured by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and Biolog method. Results of DGGE showed that the difference of soil microbial community diversity between tylosin treatment and non-tylosin treatment diminished after an incubation period of 15 days.…”

Long-term antibiotic exposure in soil is associated with changes in microbial community structure and prevalence of class 1 integrons

“…This has been previously undertaken using Density Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) (Jechalke et al, 2014;Kopmann et al, 2013;Reichel et al, 2013;Westergaard et al, 2001), or Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) (Islas-Espinoza et al, 2012) analysis of fragments of the 16S rRNA gene. Westergaard et al (2001) demonstrated a decrease in diversity (as indicated by reduced banding complexity resolved by DGGE) in soils treated with tylosin as well as an increased abundance of some taxa, the identity of which were not determined. Similarly, Kopmann et al (2013) highlighted only general community changes using DGGE.…”