Effects of Ultra-Low Volume Applications of Malathion in Hale County, Texas.: II. Mosquito populations in treated and untreated areas1

Gravid Culex pipiens Exhibit A Reduced Susceptibility to Ultra–Low Volume Adult Control Treatments Under Field Conditions

“…remained alive after ULV treatments (Tables 1 and 2). Transient declines in mosquito population following an adulticide treatment have been described in a variety of previous works (Mitchell et al 1970, Chadeeq 1985, Andis et al 1987, Focks et al 1987, Chua et al 2005, Pawelek et al 2014, Sudsom et al 2015, Stoddard 2018. In some cases, a rebound in mosquito population has been attributed to immigration from surrounding treatment areas, and, in general, this seems possible (Mitchell et al 1970, Reddy et al 2006.…”

“…Attempts to examine the effect of ULV treatments on natural mosquito populations (uncaged) are limited by a different set of factors. First, a large treatment area is required (!1 mi 2 ) to limit or reduce migration into the treatment area (Mitchell et al 1970, Mount 1998. Second, trapping methodologies introduce substantial sampling bias because they are prone to capturing different subsets of the mosquito population (i.e., gravid vs. host-seeking mosquitoes) and may provide only a narrow perspective on the treatment effect (Acuff 1976, Burkett et al 2001, Ball and Ritchie 2014, Brown et al 2014.…”

“…Finally, trapping mosquitoes over a large area for an extended time with conventional trapping technologies is extremely labor intensive and expensive. For this reason, evaluations of the effectiveness of ULV adulticides on natural adult mosquito populations do exist but are limited (Mitchell et al 1970, Chadeeq 1985, Andis et al 1987, Fox and Specht 1988, Elnaiem et al 2008, Sudsom et al 2015, Stoddard 2018. Other strategies for assessing the effect of ULV treatments on mosquito populations have relied on egg counts or immature mosquito counts to detect changes in the population after a treatment with notably mixed results (Andis et al 1987, Chua et al 2005, Reddy et al 2006.…”

Efficacy of Aerial Spraying of Mosquito Adulticide in Reducing Incidence of West Nile Virus, California, 2005

“…Additionally, posttreatment infi ltration of Cx. tarsalis mosquitoes from bordering untreated areas has been a previously documented phenomenon in California and Texas (19,(32)(33)(34). On the basis of mean dispersal distances of Cx.…”

New and Evolving Infections of the 21st Century

“…Acute illness after application of adulticides is rare (CDC, 2003a;Karpati et al, 2004). Studies have shown that adulticide applications must cover a large geographic area and must involve multiple treatments, otherwise vector mosquito populations will quickly rebound (Mitchell et al, 1970;Reisen et al, 1984;Andis et al, 1987).…”