Effects of Undernutrition on Reproductive Function in the Human*

Warren, Michelle P.

doi:10.1210/edrv-4-4-363

Cited by 193 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…Initiation and maintenance of reproductive cycles in women and rats are dependent upon a critical relationship between amount of body fat and lean (Frisch & McArthur, 1974;Frisch, 1985). However, a decline in work output in amenorrhoeic women ath¬ letes results in increased secretion of LH and resumption of menstrual cycles without substantial changes in body fat (Warren, 1983). A similar increase in pulsatile release of LH occurs in ewe lambs in which growth has been restricted and realimentation occurs (Foster et ai, 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Circulating gonadotrophins during a period of restricted energy intake in relation to body condition in heifers

Roberson

Stumpf²,

Wolfe³

et al. 1992

Reproduction

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Circulating gonadotrophins during a period of restricted energy intake in relation to body condition in heifers

Roberson

Stumpf²,

Wolfe³

et al. 1992

Reproduction

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“…The individual must sense whether he/she has grown sufficiently (through metabolic cues), what his/her relationship is to other individuals (through social cues), and whether conditions are optimal to begin the reproductive process (through environmental cues) (30). Metabolic fuel availability, insulin, glucose, and leptin in females serve as important signals for the attainment of somatic growth sufficient to support pregnancy (31).…”

Section: Transition From Juvenility To Adolescencementioning

confidence: 99%

Evo–devo of child growth II: human life history and transition between its phases

Hochberg

2009

European Journal of Endocrinology

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This review attempts to use evolutionary life-history theory in understanding child growth in a broad evolutionary perspective. It uses the data and theory of evolutionary predictive adaptive strategies for transition from one life-history phase to the next, and the inherent adaptive plasticity in the timing of such transitions. Humans evolved to withstand energy crises by decreasing their body size, and evolutionary short-term adaptations to energy crises utilize a plasticity that modifies the timing of transition from infancy into childhood, culminating in short stature at the time of an energy crisis. Transition to juvenility is part of a strategy of conversion from a period of total dependence on the family and tribe for provision and security to self-supply, and a degree of adaptive plasticity is provided and determines body composition. Transition to adolescence entails plasticity in adapting to energy resources, other environmental cues, and the social needs of the maturing adolescent to determine lifespan and the period of fecundity and fertility. Conclusion: Life-history transitions are the times when the child adaptively responds to environmental cues in order to enhance growth-body composition-lifespan-fecundity schedules and behavioral strategies that yield the highest fitness in a given environment.

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“…In addition, this study suggested the possibility that low BMI subjects with normal menstrual cycles do not have any differences in specific metabolic rates of different tissue organs compared to those with normal BMI. Women with low BMI, especially AN patients, have extremely low BW, FM, and BMD, dysfunction of the hypothalamus, metabolic differences, and irregular menstruation, such as amenorrhea (11)(12)(13)(14). However, only a few studies have investigated the differences in biochemical parameters and energy metabolism between young healthy women with low and normal BMI (19).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fact that % body fat of lean group was not severely low, may explain the reason that the lean group had a normal menstrual cycle despite having low BMI. Several studies have reported that the % body fat is an important factor to regulate the level of estradiol, which is associated with the normal menstrual cycles (11,20). In addition, previous studies suggested that having a normal menstrual cycles contributes to the prevention of excessive BMD loss (21,22).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characteristics of Body Composition and Resting Energy Expenditure in Lean Young Women

Hasegawa

Usui

Kawano

et al. 2011

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol

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SummaryThe number of lean young women has been increasing. Fear of being fat may induce unnecessary attempts to reduce body weight, which can cause several types of illness. Many investigations have demonstrated dysfunction of the hypothalamus and metabolic differences in patients with anorexia nervosa. However, it is unclear whether there are any differences in physical characteristics between women with lower body weight and no illness compared to those of normal body weight. In this study, we investigated the differences in body composition, biochemical parameters, and resting energy expenditure (REE) between young women with low and normal body mass index (BMI). Twenty lean women (BMI Ͻ 18.5 kg/m 2 ) and 20 normal women (18.5 Ϲ BMI Ͻ 25 kg/m 2 ) were recruited for this study. Body composition, biochemical parameters, and REE (REEm: measurement of REE) were measured, and the REE (REEe: estimation of REE) was estimated by using a prediction model. Marked differences were found in body composition. All of the values of blood analysis were in the normal ranges in both groups. REEm (kcal/d and kcal/kg BW/d) was significantly lower in lean than in normal women, but there were no significant differences in the REEm to fat free mass (FFM) ratio between the two groups. In addition, there was good agreement between REEm and REEe obtained from the specific metabolic rates of four tissue organs. These data indicate that the lean women without any illness have normal values of biochemical parameters and energy metabolism compared to women with normal BMI. Key Words lean women, body mass index, body composition, resting energy expenditureThe National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey of Japan in 2008 indicated that the number of lean women aged 20-30 y has been increasing. The ideal body mass index (BMI) is also lower in the young women compared to age matched men and even to women in other age groups. In fact, Takimoto et al.( 1 ) reported that the BMI, collected every 10 y between 1976 and 2000, has been decreasing among women between 20 and 30 y old. In addition, recent studies indicated that many young Japanese women overestimate their current BMI and express a their desire to lose weight ( 1 , 2 ). Fear of being fat may induce unnecessary attempts to reduce body weight ( 3 ). Going on a crash diet to lose weight causes illness and health incidents. In some cases, attempts to become thin are associated with nutritional deficiencies, irregular menstruation, osteoporosis and decreased resting energy expenditure (REE) ( 4-7 ). Moreover, previous studies suggested that low pre-pregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain are associated with low birth weight ( 8 , 9 ). Therefore, extreme weight loss may have an impact on not only the women themselves but also on their children. Many investigations indicated a dysfunction of hypothalamus and metabolic changes in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) associated with excessive weight loss. Most AN patients have low level of estradiol and show amenorrhea or irregular menstr...

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Effects of Undernutrition on Reproductive Function in the Human*

Cited by 193 publications

References 80 publications

Circulating gonadotrophins during a period of restricted energy intake in relation to body condition in heifers

Circulating gonadotrophins during a period of restricted energy intake in relation to body condition in heifers

Evo–devo of child growth II: human life history and transition between its phases

Characteristics of Body Composition and Resting Energy Expenditure in Lean Young Women

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