Effects of various types of anesthesia on hemodynamics, cardiac function, and glucose and lipid metabolism in rats

Abstract

Anesthesia can affect respiratory, circulatory, and endocrine systems but is necessary for certain experimental procedures such as echocardiography and blood sampling in small animals. We have now investigated the effects of four types of anesthesia [pentobarbital sodium (PENT), ketamine-xylazine (K/X), and low- or high-dose isoflurane (ISO)] on hemodynamics, cardiac function, and glucose and lipid metabolism in Sprague-Dawley rats. Aortic pressure, heart rate, and echocardiographic parameters were measured at various time points up to 45 min after the induction of anesthesia, and blood was then collected for measurement of parameters of glucose and lipid metabolism. Systolic aortic pressure remained constant in the PENT group, whereas it showed a biphasic pattern in the K/X group and a gradual decline in the ISO groups. Marked bradycardia was observed in the K/X group. The serum glucose concentration was increased and the plasma insulin level was reduced in the K/X and ISO groups compared with the PENT group. The concentrations of free fatty acids and norepinephrine in plasma were increased in the K/X group. Despite the metabolic effects of K/X and ISO, our results suggest that the marked bradycardic effect of K-X renders this combination appropriate for measurement of Doppler-derived indexes of left ventricular diastolic function, whereas the relative ease with which the depth of anesthesia can be controlled with ISO makes it suitable for manipulations or data collection over long time periods. On the other hand, PENT may be best suited for experiments that focus on measurement of cardiac function by M-mode echocardiography and metabolic parameters.

Assessing the influence of isoflurane anesthesia on cardiac metabolism using hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate

“…The observed increases in EDV, ESV and SV for high isoflurane dose are in agreement with those in the literature . The increased quantities are compensated by a reduction in HR, resulting in no significant changes in CO.…”

“…Its vasodilating effects lead to hypotension and a decline in systemic vascular resistance, reducing afterload. Increased left ventricular end‐diastolic volume (LVEDV) suggests increases in cardiac preload …”

“…Its depletion hence leads to a decrease in TCA cycle inflow . Furthermore, isoflurane has been shown to inflict hyperglycemia, which can indirectly influence metabolism.…”

Effects of the Kv7 voltage‐activated potassium channel inhibitor linopirdine in rat models of haemorrhagic shock

“…To address the therapeutic potential of linopirdine‐supplemented resuscitation fluids in clinically more relevant scenarios, we then resuscitated mechanically ventilated animals for 4.5 hours. In these experiments, a higher dose of isoflurane was required to prevent spontaneous breathing, which has been reported to impair cardiac contractility, systemic vascular resistance and blood pressure in rats . Consistent with these haemodynamic consequences of isoflurane, we observed in pilot experiments that mechanically ventilated animals could not survive the haemorrhage and resuscitation protocols that we used in spontaneously breathing animals.…”

Ganglionic GFAP+ glial Gq-GPCR signaling enhances heart functions in vivo

“…Isoflurane anesthesia generally decreases sympathetic nerve activity to target organs (91), which may have contributed to the more profound influence of CNO-induced sympathetic activation on heart rate.…”