Effects of Vesnarinone on Peripheral Circulating Levels of Cytokines and Cytokine Receptors in Patients With Heart Failure

Biomarkers of inflammation in heart failure

“…The term cytokine is applied to a group of relatively small molecular weight protein molecules (generally [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] which are secreted by cells in response to a variety of stimuli. Classically, cytokines are thought to be secreted by ''producer cells'' and act in an autocrine, juxtacrine, or paracrine fashion to influence the biological behavior of neighboring ''target cells'' [8].…”

“…Cytokine levels are elevated and correlate with disease severity in heart failure Circulating levels of TNF, IL-6, and IL-18 are elevated in patients with HF (Table 2) [1,6,[10][11][12][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. Because they were initially identified in patients with cardiac cachexia [31,32], and edematous decompensation [33], these cytokines were considered to be expressed only in patients with end-stage HF.…”

Phosphodiesterase-III inhibitors amrinone and milrinone on epilepsy and cardiovascular activities

“…Earlier studies suggested that the elevated level of cGMP was found in cortical structure in some experimental models of epilepsy,[4647] and the neuronal excitability was regulated by cGMP and Ca 2+ /calmodulin dependent protein kinase and its phosphorylation process. [4849] Apart from these findings, PDE-III inhibitors possess trans-membrane influx of Ca 2+ . This influx of Ca 2+ is responsible for the phosphorylation process of intracellular proteins, such as ion channels, receptors, enzymes and transcription factors which exhibit significant neuronal excitability and epileptic seizures.…”

Die Bedeutung von Zytokinen bei der Entstehung einer Herzinsuffizienz

“…Im Hinblick auf die myokardiale Funktion scheint IL-6 nur eine untergeordnete Rolle zu spielen. Im Gegensatz zu tierexperimentellen Untersuchungen hat die klinische Therapie mit dem Phosphodiesterase (PDE) III Inhibitor Vesnarinone keinen Effekt auf zirkulierende IL-6 Spiegel gezeigt [34]. Jedoch konnte in mehreren klinischen Studien die Höhe der IL-6 Serumspiegel mit der Inzidenz einer Herzinsuffizienz korreliert werden [35,36].…”