Effects of Vitellaria paradoxa (C.F. Gaertn.) aqueous leaf extract administration on Salmonella typhimurium-infected rats

Abstract

BackgroundThe present study investigates the effects of Vitellaria paradoxa crude extract administration on Salmonella typhimurium infected Wistar rats.MethodsRats were infected by single dose oral administration of Salmonella typhimurium (1.5×108 CFU). Negative control groups were infected and treated orally with distilled water (vehicle), neutral control group were not infected, while the four test groups were treated up to 18 days with 55 mg/kg, 110 mg/kg, 220 mg/kg and 440 mg/kg body weight of aqueous extract of V. paradoxa respectively. The effects of this extract administration on serum markers (total protein, creatinine, transaminases, bilirubin and lipid profile) as well as acute toxicity test and phytochemical screening were also investigated.ResultsFollowing in vivo studies, aqueous extract of V. paradoxa allowed to clear salmonellosis in previously infected rats within twelve days of treatment. Infection has resulted in a significant increase of transaminases activity. Besides, significant decrease was observed in liver and kidney relative weight and their protein content. Nevertheless, administration of this plant extract at higher doses has resulted in the correction of some of these injuries. Results obtained from acute toxicity study showed that mice administered with the aqueous leaf extract exhibited a mild reaction to noise and pinch; excreted watery discharges and the LD50 value was 12.0 g/kg. In addition, the extract showed no toxic effect after 14 days. However, it may have a sedative effect or depressant effect on the central nervous system, may induce a decrease in plasma levels of algogenic substances, and may cause diarrhea at high doses. Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenols and polyphenols, saponins, anthocyanins, steroids and anthraquinones.ConclusionsThese results support the ethnomedicinal use of V. paradoxa, and suggest that its leave can be used in the management antibacterial phytomedicine.

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“…In another report, aqueous extract of Vitelleria paradoxa was shown to clear Salmonellosis within twelve days in previously infected rats via single dose oral administration of Salmonella typhimurium (Fodouop et al, 2017). However in this study the rats recovered from the fourth day after oral administration of the Irvingia sp.…”

Insecticidal activities of cinnamic acid esters isolated fromOcimum gratissimumL. andVitellaria paradoxaGaertn leaves againstTribolium castaneumHebst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

“…Its constituents showed a strong dose and exposure time dependent repellence against some coleopteran pests, including T. castaneum . The crude extract of Vitellaria paradoxa has been found to be active against bacteria, fungi and other disease pathogens . Important essential oils have been isolated from the leaves of V. paradoxa and have been found to be responsible for the observed bioactivities.…”

Current Challenges and Perspectives for the Use of Aqueous Plant Extracts in the Management of Bacterial Infections: The Case-Study of Salmonella enterica Serovars

“…Few studies [ 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 ] have proven the antimicrobial capacity of aqueous plant extracts in Salmonella serovars in vivo , administrating the extracts (doses ranging from 3 to 500 mg of extract/kg of body weight) in animal models before or after Salmonella infection. Some of these studies clearly highlight the potential of plant aqueous extracts in the treatment of pathogenic Salmonella infections.…”

“…It was also demonstrated that cocoa aqueous extract, which was shown to promote activity against S. enterica when incorporated in ethylene–vinyl alcohol copolymer films, does not produce a synergistic effect with H 2 O 2 in Caco-2 cell damage in concentration ranges from 100 to 300 µg/mL [ 73 ]. Further studies regarding the in vivo toxicity of aqueous extracts must be developed, although their low toxicity has been already reported [ 67 , 68 ]. Particularly, in studies that were performed with mice administered with Vitellaria paradoxa leaf aqueous extracts at doses ≤4 g/kg, no behavioural changes were observed for gathering, locomotion, reaction to noise, state of the tail, consistency of the excrement, and mortality [ 67 ].…”

“…Further studies regarding the in vivo toxicity of aqueous extracts must be developed, although their low toxicity has been already reported [ 67 , 68 ]. Particularly, in studies that were performed with mice administered with Vitellaria paradoxa leaf aqueous extracts at doses ≤4 g/kg, no behavioural changes were observed for gathering, locomotion, reaction to noise, state of the tail, consistency of the excrement, and mortality [ 67 ]. However, in a different study, lower doses (>100 mg/kg) of Harungana madagascariensis aqueous leaf extract that was administered to infected rats induced hypercholesterolaemia and liver damage, but no effect on kidney functions was observed [ 68 ], pointing out the need of carefully addressing extracts toxicity.…”