Effects of Weeds on Selected Arthropod Herbivore and Natural Enemy Populations, and on Cotton Growth and Yield

Showler, Allan T.; Greenberg, S. M.

doi:10.1603/0046-225x-32.1.39

Cited by 49 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Organic crop production specifically excludes synthetic inputs (Kuepper, 2002). In cotton, weeds are an important obstacle to production, and can reduce yield in the absence of control (Griffith et al, 2006;Rowland et al, 1999;Showler and Greenberg, 2003), usually requiring the use of synthetic herbicides (Burgos et al, 2006). Only 0.03% of total U.S. cotton acreage was grown organically in 2001, but consumer demand for organic cotton products is growing (Guerena and Sullivan, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Winter Cover Crops and Vinegar for Early-Season Weed Control in Sustainable Cotton

Moran

Greenberg

2008

Journal of Sustainable Agriculture

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ABSTRACT. Weeds may be suppressed by winter cover crops and the use of organic herbicides such as vinegar. Black oat (Avena strigosa) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) winter cover crops were planted for 2 years as part of a sustainable production system for cotton in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas, and were till-killed each spring prior to cotton planting. Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri), common purslane (Portulaca oleracea), and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) were frequently-encountered winter and spring weeds. Both cover crops controlled winter weeds as well as did winter tillage without cover. Black oats plots had 8% and 17% more total winter weed cover than no-cover and hairy vetch plots, respectively. Seven weeks after cotton planting, cotton cover was 10% to 15% less in former winter hairy vetch and no-cover sustainable plots than in former black oats plots, but cotton height did not vary by winter cover crop. Total spring weed, pigweed, and purslane cover did not vary between former hairy vetch, black oats, and no-cover plots. All sustainable plots had higher spring weed cover than did conventional plots maintained with cultivation and synthetic herbicides. Breakdowns in the sustainable spring weed management system (withholding of spring cultivation) or insect pest P. J. Moran and S. M. Greenberg are affiliated with the USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Beneficial Insects Research Unit, 2413 E. Hwy 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 (E-mail: Patrick.Moran@ars.usda.gov; Shoil.Greenberg@ars.usda.gov).Mention of trade names or commercial products in this article is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.Address correspondence to: P. J. Moran at the above address.This article is a U.S. government work, and is not subject to copyright in the United States. JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTUREmanagement system (failure of alfalfa strips) led to increases of 60% or more in weed cover in sustainable plots. Cotton lint yield (kg/ha) did not differ between sustainable and conventional weed management systems. When evaluated as a cover crop and weed management tool, vinegar containing 9% acid (1,550 L/ha) reduced live hairy vetch cover to less than 5% in one of two trials, but was not effective as a burndown herbicide on black oats. Vinegar at this concentration (2,980 L/ha) killed >80% of 30-day-old or younger cotton and sunflower and 10-day-old Palmer amaranth and purslane in field trials, but caused <50% mortality to mature Palmer amaranth and purslane. More dilute vinegar solutions (0.9% to 4.5% acid) caused little or no mortality. Black oats and hairy vetch covers controlled winter but not spring weeds in this production system. With more prolonged use, winter covers could become a key spring weed control component in sustainable cotton production. Vinegar could be useful in controlling young weed seedlings in non-crop areas, or as a follow-up to cultivation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Winter Cover Crops and Vinegar for Early-Season Weed Control in Sustainable Cotton

Moran

Greenberg

2008

Journal of Sustainable Agriculture

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“…The presence of weedy species in an agricultural system may affect growth and yield of the crop (Blackshaw et al 2002), and may influence pest and predator populations (Showler and Greenberg 2003) or pathogens (Groves et al 2002). These interactions between weedy species, herbivores, and pathogens may have significant implications for agricultural management practices.…”

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confidence: 99%

Trichoplusia ni growth and preference on broccoli and eight common agricultural weeds

Cameron¹,

Isman²,

Upadhyaya³

2007

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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Cameron, J. H., Isman, M. B. and Upadhyaya, M. K. 2007. Trichoplusia ni growth and preference on broccoli and eight common agricultural weeds. Can. J. Plant Sci. 87: 413-421. Larval growth and feeding, and adult ovipositional preference of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni Hübner, were investigated on broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica L.) and eight common agricultural weeds: cow cockle (Saponaria vaccaria L.), common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.), lamb's-quarters (Chenopodium album L.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), sheep sorrel (Rumex acetosella L.), shepherd's purse (Capsella bursapastoris L.), stinkweed (Thlaspi arvense L.), and wild mustard (Sinapsis arvensis L.). Leaves from greenhouse grown plants were removed and fed to 1st instar larvae in a 7-d growth trial. Broccoli-fed larvae grew larger than those fed on cow cockle, redroot pigweed, sheep sorrel, stinkweed, and wild mustard. Only one insect of 64 survived for 7 d on stinkweed. In a leaf disc choice bioassay, 4th instar larvae showed a significant feeding preference for common groundsel over broccoli. Broccoli was preferred for oviposition over three of the weeds (common groundsel, lamb's-quarters, and shepherd's purse). Stinkweed showed promise as a dead-end trap species for this insect in broccoli, since more insects oviposited on stinkweed compared with broccoli yet larval survival on stinkweed was almost nil. . Pour cela, les auteurs ont prélevé les feuilles de plants cultivés en serre et les ont données en pâture aux larves du premier instar, dans un essai de croissance de sept jours. Les larves se nourrissant de brocoli étaient plus grosses que celle nourries de saponaire des vaches, d'amarante réfléchie, de rumex petite-oseille, de capselle, de tabouret des champs et de moutarde sauvage. Un seul insecte sur 64 a survécu sept jours sur le tabouret des champs. Dans le cadre d'un essai biologique avec disques foliaires, les larves du 4 e instar ont nettement préféré le séneçon vulgaire au brocoli. Pour la ponte, l'insecte préfère le brocoli à trois autres adventices (séneçon vulgaire, chénopode blanc et capselle). Le tabouret des champs pourrait servir de piège végétal pour amener ce parasite du brocoli dans un cul-de-sac, car les insectes étaient plus nombreux à pondre sur cette plante que sur le brocoli, malgré un taux de survie presque nul des larves. Mots clés: Trichoplusia ni, brocoli, Thlaspi arvense, oviposition, antiappétantThe presence of weedy species in an agricultural system may affect growth and yield of the crop (Blackshaw et al. 2002), and may influence pest and predator populations (Showler and Greenberg 2003) or pathogens (Groves et al. 2002). These interactions between weedy species, herbivores, and pathogens may have significant implications for agricultural management practices.Trichoplusia ni Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a major pest of cole crops in North America (Howard et al. 1994). The larvae are green caterpillars, which undergo five instars before pupation, and two to three generations occ...

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“…Most importantly, they can increase local plant diversity, enhancing the complex of natural enemies by providing predators and parasitoids with floral rewards, such as nectar and pollen, refuge for adverse environmental conditions and alternative hosts/prey (Nentwig 1998, Landis et al 2000, Naranjo 2001). The value of weed management in minimizing the impact of agricultural pests by increasing the population of natural enemies has been elucidated in a series of recent field experiments (Thomas et al 1991(Thomas et al , 1992Gurr et al 1998;Landis et al 2000;Naranjo 2001;Showler & Greenberg 2003). Differences in plant infestation will thus be a combination of host preference for oviposition, host suitability for insect development, and the combined effects of natural enemies and other causes of death.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does the presence of weeds affect Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) infestation on tomato plants in a semi-arid agro-ecosystem?

Bezerra¹,

Oliveira²,

Vasconcelos³

2004

Neotrop. Entomol.

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A Presença de Plantas Invasoras Afeta a Infestação de Tomateiros por Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) em um Agro-ecossistema do Semi-árido?RESUMO -O manejo integrado de Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) exige o conhecimento quantitativo dos mecanismos de persistência de populações em hospedeiros não comerciais. Este trabalho investigou a preferência para oviposição de B. tabaci entre tomate e quatro espécies de plantas invasoras, e a flutuação populacional do inseto em condições de campo no semi-árido nordestino. Semanalmente, foram determinados o nível (número de ovos e ninfas por folha) e a densidade de infestação (número de ovos e ninfas por área foliar) nas cinco espécies. Observamos diferentes graus de atratividade, formando um gradiente de preferência para oviposição entre as espécies, sendo Acanthospermum hispidum a espécie mais infestada e Amaranthus deflexus a menos infestada. Foi detectada ainda uma infestação significativamente mais elevada em parcelas contendo apenas tomateiros, sugerindo um efeito de diluição da infestação do tomateiro quando na presença de invasoras. Plantas invasoras podem representar importantes reservatórios para a mosca branca e/ou seus inimigos naturais, ou ainda fontes de inóculo viral para plantas cultivadas. Sua inserção em programas de manejo integrado de B. tabaci em tomateiro depende de como estes fatores podem ser manipulados para a redução dos danos causados pelo inseto.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Mosca branca, planta daninha, preferência hospedeira, caatinga ABSTRACT -Integrated Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) management requires quantitative knowledge on the mechanisms of persistence of pest populations in non-commercial host plants. We investigated B. tabaci oviposition preference among tomato and four weed species, and the insect population fluctuation under field conditions in the semi-arid region. At weekly intervals, we determined the level (number of eggs and nymphs per leaf) and the density of infestation (number of eggs and nymphs per leaf area) in all species. We observed an oviposition preference gradient among the species, with different degrees of attractiveness; Acanthospermum hispidum was the most infested species whereas Amaranthus deflexus was the least infested one. We also detected a significantly higher infestation on tomato when planted solely, which indicates a dilution effect on tomato infestation in the presence of weeds. Weeds can act as important reservoirs for whiteflies and/or their natural enemies or even as viral sources for cultivated plants. Their incorporation in integrated B. tabaci management programs depends on how those variables can be manoeuvred for the reduction of insect damage.

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Effects of Weeds on Selected Arthropod Herbivore and Natural Enemy Populations, and on Cotton Growth and Yield

Cited by 49 publications

References 53 publications

Winter Cover Crops and Vinegar for Early-Season Weed Control in Sustainable Cotton

Winter Cover Crops and Vinegar for Early-Season Weed Control in Sustainable Cotton

Trichoplusia ni growth and preference on broccoli and eight common agricultural weeds

Does the presence of weeds affect Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) infestation on tomato plants in a semi-arid agro-ecosystem?

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