Effekte des generischen Maskulinums und alternativer Sprachformen auf den gedanklichen Einbezug von Frauen

Stahlberg, Dagmar; Sczesny, Sabine

doi:10.1026//0033-3042.52.3.131

Cited by 91 publications

(68 citation statements)

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“…This practice has often been criticized by feminist linguists and psychologists (Stahlberg et al, 2007). In psychological research, numerous studies revealed that in German masculine generics evoke a male bias in mental representations even when their use is intended as neutral (Stahlberg and Sczesny, 2001; Sczesny et al, 2016). Moreover, several studies indicate that gender-fair language – sometimes also referred to as gender-neutral language (Sarrasin et al, 2012), gender-inclusive language (Stout and Dasgupta, 2011), gender-sensitive language (Savić, 2011), or non-sexist language (Douglas and Sutton, 2014) – leads to more cognitive involvement of women and can thus reduce or eliminate male bias in mental representations (e.g., Braun et al, 1998, 2005; Heise, 2000; Irmen and Linner, 2005; Stahlberg et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Feminization is recommended to reduce the male bias in mental representations for grammatical gender languages (Hellinger and Bußmann, 2001; Moser et al, 2011). Besides the phonological and visual similarity to the feminine form, associations of feminized forms with political correctness and feminist ideas are assumed to increase the cognitive representation of women (Stahlberg and Sczesny, 2001). On the one hand, feminized forms produce a link between grammatical gender and gender of the designated person, leading to higher availability of female exemplars.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effects of gender-fair language seem to be moderated by participants’ attitudes toward gender-fair language (Stahlberg and Sczesny, 2001). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Breaking Away From the Male Stereotype of a Specialist: Gendered Language Affects Performance in a Thinking Task

et al. 2018

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This experimental online-survey study investigated if different written language forms in German have an effect on male bias in thinking. We used answers to the specialist riddle as an indicator for male bias in mental representations of expertise. The difficulty of this thinking task lies in the fact that a gender-unspecified specialist is often automatically assumed to be a man due to gender stereotypes. We expected that reading a text in gender-fair language before processing the specialist riddle helps readers achieve control over automatically activated gender stereotypes and thus facilitates the restructuring and reinterpretation of the problem, which is necessary to reach the conclusion that the specialist is a woman. We randomly assigned 517 native German speakers (68% women) to reading a text on expertise written either in gender-fair language or in masculine generics. Subsequently, participants were asked to solve the specialist riddle. The results show that reading a text in gender-fair language before processing the riddle led to higher rates of answers indicating that the specialist is a women compared to reading a text in masculine generics (44% vs. 33%) in women and men regardless of their self-stereotyping concerning agency and communion. The findings indicate that reading even a very short text in gender-fair language can help people break their gender-stereotype habit and thus reduce male bias in thinking. Our research emphasizes the importance of using gender-fair language in German-language texts for reducing gender stereotypes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Breaking Away From the Male Stereotype of a Specialist: Gendered Language Affects Performance in a Thinking Task

et al. 2018

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“…Although some data suggest that feminine-masculine word pairs increase female mental imagery (meaning more individuals who read the term picture women), others suggest that this approach also reinforces gender binaries. 24,25 Additionally, some argue that this feminization undervalues female versions by tacitly confirming that terms such as ‘professor’ are implicitly male. Attempts to feminize words using gender-specific stems (e.g.…”

Section: What Can You Do: Strategies To Avoid Gender Bias In Languagementioning

confidence: 99%

What is in a Pronoun?

Harris¹,

Blencowe

Telem

2017

Annals of Surgery

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“…Für den klinischen Alltag können die folgenden Empfehlungen ausgesprochen werden: Wir verwenden diese Sprachregelung überwiegend, aber nicht ganz durchgängig, weil es empirisch eindeutig erwiesen ist, dass die aktivierten kognitiven Muster bei der Verwendung des generischen Maskulinums einseitig bleiben [18].…”

Section: Schlussfolgerungenunclassified

Funktioneller Herzschmerz

Grabhorn

Jordan

2004

Herz

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Functional heart symptoms, especially chest pain, are very widespread and, according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), are described as "somatoform autonomous functional disorders of the cardiovascular system". Although they are very often accompanied by considerable anxiety about having a heart attack, for example, they are initially not recognizable as such and have to be distinguished from somatic complaints. The most prevalent of these symptoms (Table 2) are chest pains, followed by feelings of weakness, a tendency to become easily fatigued and breathing difficulties. The perception of changes in cardiac activity, such as tachycardia, heart palpitations, irregular heartbeat or arrhythmias, is also extremely unsettling and thus anxiety-provoking. Therefore, although a responsible cardiac diagnosis is the basis for every further step taken, it is advisable to carry out a brief anamnesis immediately, if possible, to determine the prior history (Table 1). For example, previously conducted clarification of somatic causes, consultations with more than one physician in parallel or repeated medical emergency calls can be helpful for orientation. Moreover, in the interview during the diagnostic measures, the possibility of functional causes should always be pointed out in order to counteract a somatic fixation early on. The health-care policy role that lies in early diagnosis of functional cardiac complaints has to be regarded as highly relevant. Following exclusionary diagnosis, the patients should not be discharged as "healthy" from the cardiological practice without a more in-depth anamnesis of their complaints, because differentiated questioning of the patient not only about typical physical and psychic symptoms, but also about behavior patterns (Table 3) that can accompany functional cardiac complaints, works in favor of a doctor-patient relationship that is based on trust. Since, in addition to anxiety disorders, above all depressive states accompany functional heart complaints, and can also cause them in the sense of a comorbidity, a knowledge of characteristics related to depression (Table 4), such as a depressed mood, loss of interest or low motivation, is very helpful for a better understanding of the patients. The "vicious circle" that rapidly develops precisely in the case of this group of patients, consisting of physical symptoms, avoidance behavior and psychological as well as interpersonal difficulties, is described and possible solutions are pointed up. In summary, the following recommendations can be formulated for day-to-day clinical practice: 1. From the very beginning, a holistic approach should be conveyed in the interview by addressing psychological and social aspects as well, and taking them into account as possible causes. 2. The somatic diagnosis should, if possible, not go beyond that which is urgently necessary from a cardiological standpoint and presented in guidelines. One should, above all, not give in to pressure from the patients if it is a matter of repeated exa...

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Effekte des generischen Maskulinums und alternativer Sprachformen auf den gedanklichen Einbezug von Frauen

Cited by 91 publications

References 11 publications

Breaking Away From the Male Stereotype of a Specialist: Gendered Language Affects Performance in a Thinking Task

Breaking Away From the Male Stereotype of a Specialist: Gendered Language Affects Performance in a Thinking Task

What is in a Pronoun?

Funktioneller Herzschmerz

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