Effervescent Glutamine Formulation Improves the Beneficial Effects of Antiretroviral Therapies on Immune Function in HIV/AIDS Carrier Patients

Metabolite variations in the sera of HIV+ patients after an oral administration of effervescent glutamine and in comparison to non-HIV individuals by NMR

“…As already published, the AT group showed an increase of blood CD4+ T cells, 14 but the values of CD8+ T cells and CD48+ T cells remained unchanged. T cells are very important for the immune response during infection by the specific T-cell receptors that mediate antigen signaling, and lead to increased T cell uptake of phenylalanine, leucine, and glutamine, 17 which is consistent with the decreased phenylalanine concentration in serum (as can be seen from Fig.…”

“…There was a marked decrease ( P < 0.01) in the serum levels of several parameters of inflammation (C-reactive protein, interferon γ inducible protein, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β, and RANTES) after effervescent glutamine supplementation. 14 In agreement with these results, glutamine acted not only as a metabolic fuel, but also as a precursor of glutathione and regulated the expression of genes that encode inflammatory cytokines. For example, the immunomodulatory effects of glutamine are mediated by the expression of FOXP3, a transcription factor that also modulates CD4+ T cell proliferation and inflammatory response.…”

“…In our previous study, 14 HIV+ individuals under long ART receiving glutamine supplementation for 30 days showed improvement suggestive of the benefits of this coadjuvant therapy. Surprisingly, no changes in the glutamine serum levels were observed, as opposed to the expectation, while improvement of CD4+ T lymphocytes and several other health parameters occurred.…”

“…In addition, glutamine was well tolerated as no changes were observed in the serum parameters of nephrotoxicity (creatinine), hepatotoxicity (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase), and amino acid catabolism (urea). 14…”

Glutamine depletion in patients with Crimean‐Congo hemorrhagic fever

“…In approaching the viral infections, which are most difficult to treat, it is reasonable for many scientists to increase the immune responses in particular. Wang et al reported that an oral Gln supplementation in mice infected by a herpes simplex virus (HSV‐1) increased the number of CD8 positive T cells and suppressed the virus infection by improving the immune response 39 . Kudsk et al showed that the Gln administration significantly improved the respiratory and intestinal IgA levels in mice, suggesting that the antibacterial and antiviral effects were enhanced by improving the immune system with a Gln‐enriched parenteral nutrition 40 .…”