Efficacy of Hydrothermal Treatment for Production of Solid Fuel from Oil Palm Wastes

Yuliansyah, Ahmad Tawfiequrrahman; Hirajima, Tsuyoshi

doi:10.5772/50581

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Meanwhile, the ultimate analysis of PKS at 380 • C (wt.%, daf at 380 • C) shows that it is made up of 80.9% carbon, 4.8% hydrogen, 0.7% nitrogen, 13.8% oxygen and 0.1% sulphur [64]. The data show that PKS contains a high amount of lignin and carbon but a low amount of cellulose, comparable to the observations in other research work, suggesting the successful transformation of amorphous into a graphitic structure [64,65].…”

Section: Morphology and Pore Structuresupporting

confidence: 84%

“…The composition in each component is different for each type of waste. A previous researcher conducted several tests to determine the composition of palm waste using a procedure recommended by the US National Renewable Energy Laboratory similar to ASTM E1758-01 [65]. It was found that PKS dry basis composition is made up of 14.7% cellulose, 16.4% hemicellulose, 53.6% Klason lignin, 2.3% wax, 2.3% ash and 10.7% (wt.%, dry basis) other components [65].…”

Section: Morphology and Pore Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…A previous researcher conducted several tests to determine the composition of palm waste using a procedure recommended by the US National Renewable Energy Laboratory similar to ASTM E1758-01 [65]. It was found that PKS dry basis composition is made up of 14.7% cellulose, 16.4% hemicellulose, 53.6% Klason lignin, 2.3% wax, 2.3% ash and 10.7% (wt.%, dry basis) other components [65]. Meanwhile, the ultimate analysis of PKS at 380 • C (wt.%, daf at 380 • C) shows that it is made up of 80.9% carbon, 4.8% hydrogen, 0.7% nitrogen, 13.8% oxygen and 0.1% sulphur [64].…”

Section: Morphology and Pore Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

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A Modification of Palm Waste Lignocellulosic Materials into Biographite Using Iron and Nickel Catalyst

2021

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This paper presents an alternative way to maximize the utilization of palm waste by implementing a green approach to modify lignocellulosic materials into a highly crystalline biographite. A bio-graphite structure was successfully synthesized by converting lignocellulosic materials via a simple method using palm kernel shell (PKS) as a carbon precursor. This involved the direct impregnation of a catalyst into raw material followed by a thermal treatment. The structural transformation of the carbon was observed to be significantly altered by employing different types of catalysts and varying thermal treatment temperatures. Both XRD and Raman spectroscopy confirmed that the microstructural alteration occurred in the carbon structure of the sample prepared at 800 and 1000 °C using iron, nickel or the hybrid of iron-nickel catalysts. The XRD pattern revealed a high degree of graphitization for the sample prepared at 1000 °C, and it was evident that iron was the most active graphitization catalyst. The presence of an intensified peak was observed at 2θ = 26.5°, reflecting the formation of a highly ordered graphitic structure as a result of the interaction between the iron catalyst and the thermal treatment process at 1000 °C. The XRD observation was further supported by the Raman spectrum in which PKS-Fe1000 showed a lower defect structure associated with the presence of a significant amount of graphitic structure, as a low value of (Id/Ig) ratio was reported. An HRTEM image showed a well-defined lattice fringe seen on the structure for PKS-Fe1000; meanwhile, a disordered microstructure was observed for the control sample, indicating that successful structural modification was achieved with the aid of the catalyst. Further analysis from BET found that the PKS-Fe1000 developed a surface area of 202.932 m2/g with a pore volume of 0.208 cm3/g. An overall successful modification from palm waste into graphitic material was achieved. Thus, this study will help those involved in waste management to evaluate the possibility of a sustainable process for the generation of graphite material from palm waste. It can be concluded that palm waste is a potential source of production for graphite material through the adoption of the proposed waste management process.

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Section: Morphology and Pore Structuresupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Morphology and Pore Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Morphology and Pore Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

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A Modification of Palm Waste Lignocellulosic Materials into Biographite Using Iron and Nickel Catalyst

2021

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“…In all plots, the temperature was the more important factor on the changes of EMC%. The main reasons for the decrease and improvement of the EMC of the hydrothermally treated wood include the removal of extractives from cellular structure, the reduction of -OH groups posttreatment, which participate in hydrogen bonding with the water molecules, as well as the increased crystallinity of cellulose, which reduces the availability of hydroxyl groups to water molecules (Tjeerdsma et al 1998a,b;Sandberg and Navi 2007;Yuliansyah and Hirajima 2012;Salim et al 2013;Talaei et al 2013). The reduction of accessibility of the treated samples' OH-groups leads to a limited interaction with water compared to the untreated samples (Syrjänen 2001).…”

Section: Equilibrium Moisture Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization and empirical modelling of physical ‎properties of hydrothermally treated ‎oil ‎palm wood in ‎different ‎buffered media using ‎response ‎surface ‎methodology

Ebadi

Ashaari

Jawaid

2021

BioRes

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Physical properties are one of the ‎drawbacks of oil palm wood ‎‎(OPW) and they need to ‎be ‎improved via an appropriate method. The ‎response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite ‎design (CCD) was used to evaluate and optimize the parameters of a hydrothermal treatment ‎and to create an ‎empirical model of the mass loss (ML, %), equilibrium moisture ‎content ‎‎(EMC, %), and anti-swelling efficiency (ASE24h, %)‎‏ ‏responses‎. This ‎study focused on the ‎effect of ‎hydrothermal treatment (HTT) ‎in ‎buffer solutions to control the ‎destructive effects of ‎released ‎acids ‎caused by the degradation of ‎hemicellulose acetyl groups‏.‏‎ A CCD, as ‎the most common RSM design, was applied with three treatment factors including the ‎buffer solutions ‎‎(acidic, neutral, ‎and alkaline with pH of 5 to 8), temperature (80 to 140 ‎‎°С), ‎time (40 to ‎‎‎120 ‎min), and a total of 20 ‎experiments‎.‎‏ ‏‎The results ‎showed that the ‎effect of the treatment temperature ‎was more notable ‎than time. The medium acidity (pH) variations in HTT can lead ‎to ‎the removal of ‎extractives and starch, hemicelluloses ‎hydrolysis‎, ‎the ‎destruction of the parenchymal cells wall, and ‎weight loss. Based on the variance analysis, the ‎quadratic and linear models proved to be highly significant with ‎minimal probability values (< 0.0001). The optimum conditions ‎predicted for the HTT were a pH of 7.3, a temperature of ‎112.7 ‎°С, and ‎a‏ ‏time of ‎109.6 ‎min.

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Banana peel thermochemical conversion

Snapkauskienė,

Gimžauskaitė,

Tamošiūnas

2024

Banana Peels Valorization

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Efficacy of Hydrothermal Treatment for Production of Solid Fuel from Oil Palm Wastes

Cited by 6 publications

References 21 publications

A Modification of Palm Waste Lignocellulosic Materials into Biographite Using Iron and Nickel Catalyst

A Modification of Palm Waste Lignocellulosic Materials into Biographite Using Iron and Nickel Catalyst

Optimization and empirical modelling of physical ‎properties of hydrothermally treated ‎oil ‎palm wood in ‎different ‎buffered media using ‎response ‎surface ‎methodology

Banana peel thermochemical conversion

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