Efficacy ofGinkgo bilobaon Vaginal Estrous and Ovarian Histological Alterations for Evaluating Anti‐Implantation and Abortifacient Potentials in Albino Female Mice

Abstract

Ginkgo extract, EGb 761 is known as a vasoregulatory variable for the conventional reproduction therapy. EGb 761 was orally administered in 0 (control), 3.7, 7.4, and 14.8 mg/kg bw/day for 28 days (thereafter mated with normal fertile male), from day 1 to day 7 of pregnancy or from the 10th to 18th day of pregnancy, respectively. Vaginal smears were performed daily. On 20th day of pregnancy, the females were killed by cervical dislocation and their kidneys, liver, brain, placenta, spleen and ovaries were removed and weighed. The ovaries were prepared for histological examinations, and then ovarian follicles were counted. Maternal toxicity, estrous cycle, reproductive hormones, ovarian follicle counts, resorption index, implantation index, fetal viability and fetuses, and placenta mean weights were evaluated. There was a dose-dependent ovarian toxic effect of EGb 761. Ovarian follicle counts, resorption index, implantation index, fetal viability were significantly reduced in 14.8 mg/kg bw/day dose. Treatment with 14.8 mg/kg bw/day EGb 761 induced disruption of estrous cycle and caused maternal toxicity, in addition to fetal toxicity. Therefore, the data obtained indicate that Ginkgo biloba extract at 14.8 mg/kg bw/day dose level exhibit toxic effect on reproductive cyclicity and could have anti-implantation and abotifacient properties in female mice.

Safety Assessment of Ginkgo biloba-Derived Ingredients as Used in Cosmetics

“…50 Another study examined the dose response and pathologic effects of a standardized GBE (EGb 761 ® ) in saline on cycling female Swiss albino mice. 51 The test material was orally administered at doses of 0, 3.7, 7.4, or 14.8 mg/kg body weight/d for 28 d from the day of estrus phase (prior to mating), from day 1 to day 7 of gestation, or from day 10 to day 18 of gestation. A total of 200 cycling female mice were assigned for the experiments.…”

“…The highest dose tested was based on the equivalent to the suggested supplement dose level for humans of three 260 mg capsules/d. 51 The effects of an aqueous GBE (similar to EGb 761 ® ) on embryo-fetal development were investigated in pregnant Wistar rats. 52 Groups of 17 rats received 0, 3.5, 7, or 14 mg/kg/ d of the test material during the tubal transit and implantation period of pregnancy.…”

In-vivo Mice Pre-Implantation Embryo Development after Oral Administration Ethanolic Extract of Cogon Grass Roots (Imperata cylindrica L)

“…The progesterone production was impaired by disrupting corpus luteum development that needs in early pregnancy (Elmazoudy 2018). Administration of Ginkgo biloba to female rats induces vaginal bleeding, abortion, preimplantation and postimplantation loss, and the increasing number of non-viable fetuses (Elmazoudy, 2012).…”

Herbal medicines from ginkgo leaf extract in the treatment of mild dementia

“…There are no sufficient animal studies regarding reproductive toxicity, and published data are contradictory (5). For example, a study in mice showed that EGb 761 affected fertility and reproductive performance, caused vaginal bleeding, and reduced fetal viability (23,74), while a study in rats and rabbits did not show similar effects (23,75).…”