Cholera toxin (CT) and heat-labile enterotoxins (LTs) produced by Vibrio cholerae and by some enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains, respectively, belong to the family of AB (A 1 B 5 )-type bacterial enterotoxins. The A 1 B 5 enterotoxins have an enzymatically active A subunit (28 kDa) that is noncovalently associated to a pentamer composed of five B polypeptides (11.5 kDa each). While the A polypeptide confers the catalytic activity, the B pentamer is responsible for binding to gangliosides and/or galactose-containing surface receptors found on the surface of eukaryotic cells (39). In addition to their roles as virulence determinants directly involved with the watery diarrhea caused by these bacterial pathogens, both CT and LT have received considerable interest due to their remarkable immunomodulatory effects in different mammalian species when they are delivered via parenteral, mucosal, or transcutaneous routes (3,15,21,28,31,38,43).Based on genetic, biochemical, and immunological features, two major groups of heat-labile enterotoxins have been described (17, 20). Type I enterotoxins produced by ETEC strains share high similarity with V. cholerae CT and include the reference LT produced by the H10407 strain (here termed LT-I) while type II enterotoxins (LT-IIa, LT-IIb, and LT-IIc) are usually isolated from ETEC strains derived from nonhuman hosts (16,33,37). Although the A peptides of type I and type II enterotoxins are highly homologous, the two toxin groups differ largely in the B subunit amino acid sequences (Ͻ14% sequence identity). The different B subunit sequences reflect, at least in part, differential receptor specificity and some distinct immunological features of type I and type II enterotoxins (1,5,20). Indeed, previous studies showed that LT-I binds with high affinity to the GM1 ganglioside and, with lower affinity, to a few other galactose-containing surface components such as GM2, asialo-GM1, GD2, GD1b, and paraglobosides while LT-IIa binds most avidly to the GD1b ganglioside and less strongly to other ganglioside receptors (GT1b, GD2, GD1a, GM1, and GM2) (13,40). Interestingly, the B pentamer of LT-IIa (LT-IIaB 5 ), but not the holotoxin, interacts with Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) to induce secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (19).Several reports demonstrated that the adjuvant and immunomodulatory properties of LT-IIa correlate with the presence of a functional B subunit (1,32,34). Coadministration of LT-IIa and purified antigens via the nasal route promotes enhanced antigen-specific mucosal (IgA) and systemic (IgG) antibody responses and in vitro activation of T lymphocytes (31). In contrast, a receptor-binding-deficient mutant of LT-IIa lost most of the immunomodulatory properties (34). Nonetheless, while a plethora of studies have characterized the adjuvant properties of LT-I when it is delivered via parenteral