“…Ca supplementation has been shown to promote biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Sarkisova et al ., ), Pseudoalteromonas sp. (Patrauchan et al ., ), Sinorhizobium meliloti (Rinaudi et al ., ), Xylella fastidiosa (Cruz et al ., ), Enterobacter cloacae (Zhou et al ., ), Aeromonas hydrophila (Das et al ., ), and Enterococcus faecalis (Das et al ., ), while it suppresses biofilm formation in Vibrio cholerae (Bilecen and Yildiz, ) and Staphylococcus aureus (Shukla and Rao, ). While Ca, as a divalent cation, can function to neutralize cell surface charges to facilitate binding and adhesion (Leite et al ., ; Williams, ), growing evidence suggests a role for Ca that is regulatory and not just physical/structural (Shemarova and Nesterov, ; Cruz et al ., ).…”