Efficacy of sanitization protocols in removing parasites in vegetables: A protocol for a systematic review with meta-analysis

Maia, Cláudio Márcio de Medeiros; Damasceno, Karla Suzanne Florentino da Silva Chaves; Seabra, Larissa Mont’Alverne Jucá; Chaves, Gabriela; Dantas, Lívia Maria da Costa; Júnior, Francisco Canindé de Sousa; Assis, Cristiane Fernandes de

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0268258

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…It is thought that the homogenous loose nature of the large particles of sandy soils is reported to result in higher recoveries of parasites than other soil types [17]. Fresh green vegetables, particularly those consumed raw in salad dishes or barely cooked are a major source of intestinal parasite transmission and have been connected to foodborne parasitic infections in many communities throughout the world [10,39]. Contamination most likely occurs before harvest while they are in fields, either by unregulated use of contaminated raw human or animal manure, sewage sludge, infected irrigation water, or directly through unsanitary hygienic practices of humans, such as open defecation in farmlands.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the Occurrence of Soil-Transmitted Parasites Contaminating Soil, Vegetables, and Green Fodder in the East of Nile Delta, Egypt

Yahia

Etewa

Hoot

et al. 2023

Journal of Parasitology Research

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Background. Food-borne parasites are major sources of human and animal illness, posing severe health risks in places with contaminated soil, poor water quality, cleanliness, and poor sanitation. The usage of untreated organic fertilizers arising from the excreta of the parasites’ definitive hosts either man or animal pollutes the agricultural soil and is reflected in its products of vegetables and green fodders causing serious health problems. Therefore, to the best of our knowledge, this will be the first study that investigated the combination of parasitic contamination of the agricultural soil and its products of raw eaten vegetables and green fodder in East Nile Delta, Egypt. Aim. The purpose of this study was to investigate the type and degree of contamination caused by parasites in regularly used raw vegetables, green fodder, and soil samples collected from open fields in Egypt’s East Nile Delta. Study Procedures. A cross-sectional study comprised a simple random collection of 400 soil samples, 180 green fodder samples, and as well as 400 vegetable samples, including lettuce, radish, coriander, parsley, dill, watercress, tomatoes, green pepper, cucumber, and carrot, that were gathered throughout one year period from January to December 2021 to represent all seasons (winter, spring, summer, and autumn). The research locations were chosen from various open green fields and farming regions in Egypt’s East Nile Delta producing ready-to-eat vegetables for human consumptions and planting green fodder for animal feeding. Concentrations, including sedimentation, and flotation, and staining techniques were used to recover the greatest number of parasitic life forms. The parasitic structures discovered were identified using biometric and imaging data and compared with known parasite morphology. Statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS software version 22 (IBM, Chicago, IL, USA). Data were presented in numbers and percentages. P -values equal to or less than 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. The difference in parasitic contamination among the different categories was compared using the chi-square test. Results. In this investigation, 243 out of 400 soil samples (60.7%) confirmed positive for parasitic contamination ( P < 0.05 ). Various parasitic life forms were significantly found in 249 out of 400 (62.25%) of the vegetable samples, with (65.1%) of them harboring one parasite species, whereas 9.2% significantly contained up to three parasites. Ascaris eggs, Trichuris eggs, and Giardia cysts were the most prevalent parasites, which were predominantly isolated from vegetables with uneven surfaces. 109 of 180 (60.0%) green fodder samples confirmed insignificantly positive for parasitic pollution. The proportion of parasite contamination in vegetable samples was insignificant although the highest was in spring (29.3%), followed by summer (27.7%), whereas it is significant in autumn (24.5%). The prevalence rate was the lowest in winter (20.1%). Conclusion and Recommendations. Our findings demonstrated a significant load of parasites notably the soil-transmitted parasitic infection in raw vegetables and green fodder cultivated in open fields as well as in their mother soil in the east of the Nile Delta, Egypt. These results confirm the urgent need to deploy strict control measures to the soil, especially during the pre-harvest period of raw eaten vegetables and green fodder, a critical step in reducing food-borne transmission of soil-transmitted parasites to man and animals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the Occurrence of Soil-Transmitted Parasites Contaminating Soil, Vegetables, and Green Fodder in the East of Nile Delta, Egypt

Yahia

Etewa

Hoot

et al. 2023

Journal of Parasitology Research

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“…This review had its protocol registered in the PROSPERO database (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews), with registration number CRD42020206929 and is reported following the guidelines provided in the PRISMA 2020 guide (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses) described in S1 File [10]. The protocol of this study was also published [11], detailing the methodological process of this review and promoting greater transparency in the research.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of sanitization protocols in removing or reducing parasites from vegetables: A systematic review with meta-analysis

Maia,

Damasceno,

Seabra

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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Background Parasitic contamination in vegetables is a reality in several countries and a challenge for food safety. The risk of consumption usually raw, associated with failures in good practices of production, transportation, and preparation further increase the possibility of ingesting contaminated food. Given this, a systematic review was carried out to scientifically demonstrate the effectiveness of sanitization protocols in the parasitic decontamination of plants. Methods This review was conducted following the guidelines of the Cochrane Manual, being registered in the PROSPERO protocol base (CRD42020206929) and reported according to the PRISMA 2020 statement. The review evaluated studies published in the MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, FSTA, LILACS, and AGRIS databases, as well as manual searches of related articles, references, and theses and dissertations directories. The meta-analysis was performed using the Revman 5 software program, the bias assessment used the Robins I Tools with some adaptations, and the quality of the evidence was evaluated using GRADE. Discussion The review included a total of 31 studies, most of which were carried out in countries with a high incidence of plant parasites, such as Brazil and Iran. Interventions combined with 200ppm chlorination preceded by brushing, rinsing, or immersion in detergent showed the greatest efficiency in parasitic decontamination. Despite the high heterogeneity and risk of bias in the primary studies, this review can inspire the planning of new studies which observe the critical and methodological evaluation for research in the field of food safety.

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“…Selain memperhatikan Enam Prinsip Higiene Sanitasi Makanan, pemerintah yang berwenang dan penyedia makanan juga perlu meningkatkan kondisi dan sarana sanitasi guna sebagai upaya pencegahan cemaran parasit usus [44] . Peningkatan pengetahuan tentang praktik higiene pangan pada petani, penjual dan konsumen merupakan hal yang penting dilakukan, sebab dengan memahami praktik higiene pangan yang baik akan meningkatkan kualitas makanan [45] .…”

Section: B Sanitasi Tempat Penjualanunclassified

Kontaminasi Telur Cacing Parasit Usus pada Lalapan Pecel Lele Pedagang Kaki Lima di Purwokerto

Subagiyo¹,

Widyanto²,

Lukmitarani³

2023

Kesling

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Prevalensi kecacingan masyarakat Indonesia tinggi. Upaya mewujudkan tercapainya derajat kesehatan masyarakat yang optimal melalui upaya pengawasan terhadap kualitas makanan yang dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat. Pemeriksaan kualitas lalapan kubis, daun kemangi, selada dan mentimun merupakan jenis sayuran yang banyak dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat menjadi fokus dalam upaya pengawasan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui adanya kontaminasi telur cacing parasit usus pada lalapan pecel lele yang dijual pedagang kaki lima di sekitar Kampus 7 dan Kampus 8 Poltekkes Kemenkes Semarang tahun 2022. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian deskriptif yang dilaksanakan pada tempat pecel lele pedagang kaki lima sekitar Kampus 7 dan Kampus 8 Poltekkes Kemenkes Semarang Kabupaten Banyumas Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 3 (37,5%) sampel lalapan kubis yang diambil pada tempat pecel lele pedagang kaki lima positif mengandung telur cacing parasit usus. Teridentifikasi telur cacing parasit usus dari jenis Ascaris lumbricoides dan Enterobius vermicularis. Hasil observasi kondisi sanitasi pada tempat pedagang kaki lima menunjukkan sebesar 100% tempat tidak memiliki tempat sampah tertutup, 5 (62,5%) tempat yang tidak memiliki fasilitas cuci tangan yang memenuhi syarat yaitu tersedia tempat cuci tangan, tersedia sabun cuci tangan serta air yang mengalir, dan 7 (87,5%) tempat yang tidak memiliki fasilitas tempat mencuci peralatan yang terdiri dari lebih dari 2 bak pencucian. Puskesmas setempat perlu memberikan penyuluhan terkait prinsip higiene sanitasi makanan dan sanitasi tempat penjualan makanan kepada pedagang kaki lima di sekitar kampus 7 dan kampus 8 Poltekkes Kemenkes Semarang agar kualitas dan keamanan makanan yang dijajakan meningkat serta tidak menjadi media penularan infeksi parasit usus.

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Efficacy of sanitization protocols in removing parasites in vegetables: A protocol for a systematic review with meta-analysis

Cited by 4 publications

References 25 publications

Investigating the Occurrence of Soil-Transmitted Parasites Contaminating Soil, Vegetables, and Green Fodder in the East of Nile Delta, Egypt

Investigating the Occurrence of Soil-Transmitted Parasites Contaminating Soil, Vegetables, and Green Fodder in the East of Nile Delta, Egypt

Effectiveness of sanitization protocols in removing or reducing parasites from vegetables: A systematic review with meta-analysis

Kontaminasi Telur Cacing Parasit Usus pada Lalapan Pecel Lele Pedagang Kaki Lima di Purwokerto

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