Efficacy of Spirulina platensis diet supplements on disease resistance and immune-related gene expression in Cyprinus carpio L. exposed to herbicide atrazine

Alleviating effects of β‐glucan inOreochromis niloticuson growth performance, immune reactions, antioxidant, transcriptomics disorders and resistance toAeromonas sobriacaused by atrazine

“…Supplementation of βG with ATZ resulted in higher levels of protein, similar to the control, which may clarify the protective role of βG on the liver (Ozdemir, Toplan, Tanriverdi, & Sunamak, ). Our findings for tilapia supplemented with βG and exposed to ATZ indicate that βG protects the liver from injury, as signified by an improvement in ALT and AST and markers of hepatic dysfunction (Khalil et al, ). βG also has hepato‐protective effects against liver damage from other toxicants (Bashir & Choi, ; El‐Murr et al, ).…”

“…In our study, we observed a substantial decline in total leucocytes, resulting in a decrease in lymphocytes, upon ATZ exposure. This reduction may be attributed to non‐specific immune responses and the stress status of the fish (Khalil et al, ; Stoskopf, ). Additionally, the decrease in lymphocytes might be related to a cortisone boost, which stimulates lymphocyte apoptosis, or be due to the redisposition of lymphocytes from the blood to tissues (Davis, Maney, & Maerz, ).…”

“…This reduction may be attributed to non-specific immune responses and the stress status of the fish (Khalil et al, 2017;Stoskopf, 1993).…”

“…The exhaustion of protein may be due to stress-mediated immobilization of these molecules to meet an increased demand for energy by the fish to adapt to stress (Khan et al, 2016). The reduction in total protein concentration was notable after exposure to ATZ in O. niloticus (Hussein, El-Nasser, & Ahmed, 1996), grass carp (Khan et al, 2016) and common carp (Khalil et al, 2017). Reduced protein levels in ATZ-exposed Pacu fingerling might be promoted by kidney and liver damage, delaying synthesis in the liver or causing elimination by the kidneys (de Paiva et al, 2017).…”

“…Recent studies have examined the effects of ATZ on various types of aquatic life, revealing acute and sub‐chronic injury. For example, ATZ seriously affects liver metabolism and immune responses in silver catfish (Kirsten et al, ; Kreutz, Barcellos, dos Santos, Pivato, & Zanatta, ), crayfish (Stara, Kouba, & Velisek, ) and common carp (Cui et al, ; Khalil, Reda, & Awad, ). Exposure to ATZ may also cause reproductive failure and reduce spermatogenesis in zebrafish (Bautista et al, ).…”