Efficacy of throwing exercise with TheraBand in male volleyball players with shoulder internal rotation deficit: a randomized controlled trial

Abstract

Background The Glenohumeral internal-rotation deficit (GIRD) is related to the altered eccentric external-rotator (ER), the concentric internal-rotator (IR), muscle strength, and the ER: IR ratio. GIRD has been documented as a risk factor for shoulder injuries. However, few studies have investigated the effect of an exercise training on these parameters in athletes with GIRD. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of an 8-week throwing exercise with a TheraBand for retraining the rotator cuff on Electromyography (EMG) activity of selected muscles, rotator cuff muscle strength, the glenohumeral (GH) joint IR range of motion (ROM) and GH joint position sense in asymptomatic male volleyball players with GIRD. Methods Sixty male volleyball players with GIRD were randomized into either a training group or a control group. The experimental group underwent an 8-week throwing exercise with a TheraBand including 5 sessions of stretching and 3 sessions of strengthening exercises per week. The control group received an active self-exercise program. EMG (onset time and muscle activation), shoulder range of motion (ROMs), strength and GH joint position sense were all assessed pre and post trainings. Results There were statistically significant within-group differences in the EMG activity of the anterior deltoid (p = 0.005), middle deltoid (p = 0.007), posterior deltoid (p = 0.004), infraspinatus (p = 0.001) and supraspinatus (p = 0.001) muscles, IR ROM (p = 0.001), rotator cuff muscle strength ratio (p = 0.001), and GH joint position sense (p = 0.033) in the experimental group. A 2 × 2 analysis of variance with a mixed model design and independent and paired t-tests were used for statistical analysis. Conclusions Throwing exercise with a TheraBand improved shoulder muscle activation, IR ROM, rotator cuff muscle strength ratio and GH joint position sense in participants with GIRD. These findings may improve the treatment of GIRD in a clinical setting. Although the results are significant, further studies should follow up the long-term effects of the Throwing exercise with a TheraBand on GIRD. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials using the UMIN-RCT website with ID number of, UMIN000038416 “Retrospectively registered” at 2019/10/29.

Progressive Upper Compartment Functional Strength Training on Postural Muscle Force: In Volleyball Players

“…Schneider, et al [2] reported that shoulder-humerus isometric strength response to 60-90° angular degree may be different in volleyball players. Moradi, et al [5] examined that one threband exercise for throwing performance efficiency per week strengthening section 0.001; d = 1.84 high effect). Other significant difference the pre test (p < 0.014; d = 0.62 high effect) was found in the 90° angular degree in the dominant arm of FST group and again FST group (p < 0.001; d = 2.06 highly effect size) in the post test.…”

“…Because the external resistive load rejects the same working force in different regions of the force. For this reason, the athlete should awareness of heat and power changes during repetition and rest in the individual shoulder and hand-raising movements [3,5,18].…”

“…Other previous studies, different exercise models were obtained to evaluate functional postural dynamics in the posterior-lateral shoulder region of physical active, bodybuilding and powerlifting athletes in the upper compartment postural structure strength [11,15]. Similarly study, to evaluate strength asymmetry of shoulder in different volleyball players were obtained internal rotator injury and deficient [1,5].…”

“…Both injury and syndrome in which mechanical strength deficiency occurs in overactive shoulder-humerus muscle groups of the upper compartment during competition and training periods are experienced [4]. Therefore, it was necessary to progressive functional muscle strength exercises for shoulder and humerus muscle tendon complex strengthening angular activity in the training into postural muscle weakness [5].…”

Role of active joint position sense on the upper extremity functional performance tests in college volleyball players

“…This training was based on the standardization of the protocols and the identification of execution errors. Prior to the evaluation of the upper extremity functional performance tests, a 5-min warm-up was carried out, consisting of static stretching exercises (two stretches per muscle) for the shoulder complex muscles (upper trapezius, shoulder rotator muscles, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and pectoralis major), as this type of stretching has not been shown to influence the repositioning accuracy of joint position sense ( Moradi et al, 2020 ; Torres, Duarte & Cabri, 2012 ).…”