Efficacy, Safety, and Pharmacokinetics of Levobupivacaine with and without Fentanyl after Continuous Epidural Infusion in Children

Abstract

We conclude that 0.0625% levobupivacaine without fentanyl is an effective perioperative epidural solution in children when infused at a rate of 0.3 ml. kg-1. h-1. The plasma concentrations of 0.125% and 0.0625% levobupivacaine and fentanyl (1 mug/ml) at the end of a 24-h infusion are low.

A randomized double-blind trial of intravenous immunoglobulin for pemphigus

“…On the other hand, the efficacy of new drugs for malignant tumors or for patients requiring pain relief is evaluated based on the time to recurrence of tumor or the number of patients requiring rescue analgesia. [16][17][18][19][20][21] Based on these considerations, we developed a novel efficacy indicator (ie, TEP) with reference to the end points used for efficacy evaluation of drugs for malignant tumors or for patients requiring pain relief, to conduct a placebo-controlled, double-blind comparison study in patients with pemphigus who were relatively resistant to systemic steroids. This new efficacy end point provides flexibility for physicians to rescue patients when required and proved to be useful to evaluate the efficacy of a single cycle of HD-IVIG in a double-blind comparison design.…”

Addition of midazolam to continuous postoperative epidural bupivacaine infusion reduces requirement for rescue analgesia in children undergoing upper abdominal and flank surgery

“…Sedation was assessed using a 4-point sedation score [Appendix B] [13]. Motor power was assessed by modified Bromage Score [Appendix C] [14]. The parent/ guardian was contacted by telephone at one week and one month for any neurological deficit (eg, change in gait, motor weakness of lower limbs, backache, falls during walking, urological or rectal incontinence).…”

Epidural levobupivacaine versus levobupivacaine-morphine in postoperative analgesia for paediatric patients

“…Epidural opioids are commonly used for major surgery in adults and children [16][17][18]. Epidural morphine may be given as preemptive analgesic agent to achieve rapidly postoperative analgesia [17].…”