“…The two-stage network DEA is used in various real-life applications, such as banks, insurance companies, educational institutes, water and land, and many others studied by researchers in the literature [35] , [47] , [48] . Therefore, our proposed methodology applies to several real-life problems, considering shared inputs and intermediate measures, undesirable outputs produced by each stage, accessible inputs consumed by the second stage, and free outputs produced by the first stage.…”