Efficiency of chlorine and UV in the inactivation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in wastewater

Adeyemo, Folasade Esther; Singh, Gulshan; Reddy, Poovendhree; Bux, Faizal; Stenström, Thor Axel

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216040

Cited by 89 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…As with Cryptosporidium, cysts are shed in the faeces in high numbers (up to 10 10 cysts per day) with a median infectious dose of approximately 25 cysts (Rendtorff 1954(Rendtorff , 1979. Both parasites are prevalent in wastewater (Hamilton et al 2018;Zahedi et al 2018;Adeyemo et al 2019;Razzolini et al 2020) (Tables 2 and 3), with concentrations in wastewater as high as 60,000 Cryptosporidium oocysts and 100,000 Giardia cysts L −1 (Hamilton et al 2018), and Cryptosporidium oocysts are resistant to chemical disinfection (Campbell et al 1995). Urban wastewater discharge is known to play an important role in pathogen transmission.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wastewater-based epidemiology—surveillance and early detection of waterborne pathogens with a focus on SARS-CoV-2, Cryptosporidium and Giardia

et al. 2021

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Waterborne diseases are a major global problem, resulting in high morbidity and mortality, and massive economic costs. The ability to rapidly and reliably detect and monitor the spread of waterborne diseases is vital for early intervention and preventing more widespread disease outbreaks. Pathogens are, however, difficult to detect in water and are not practicably detectable at acceptable concentrations that need to be achieved in treated drinking water (which are of the order one per million litre). Furthermore, current clinical-based surveillance methods have many limitations such as the invasive nature of the testing and the challenges in testing large numbers of people. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), which is based on the analysis of wastewater to monitor the emergence and spread of infectious disease at a population level, has received renewed attention in light of the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The present review will focus on the application of WBE for the detection and surveillance of pathogens with a focus on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the waterborne protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium and Giardia. The review highlights the benefits and challenges of WBE and the future of this tool for community-wide infectious disease surveillance.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wastewater-based epidemiology—surveillance and early detection of waterborne pathogens with a focus on SARS-CoV-2, Cryptosporidium and Giardia

et al. 2021

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“…The low infective dose (calculated at 132 oocysts in healthy volunteers for C. parvum and 10 to 83 oocysts for C. hominis ) [ 10 , 13 , 14 , 15 ], ubiquitous distribution, and resistance to disinfectants [ 16 , 17 ] have led to the frequent implication of Cryptosporidium in food/waterborne outbreaks despite under-reporting due to the lack of adequate detection and surveillance systems [ 5 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. In France, there is no incentive to perform systematic cryptosporidiosis screening in diarrheic patients and no obligation to report cryptosporidiosis cases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Cryptosporidiosis in France from 2017 to 2019

et al. 2020

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Cryptosporidiosis is currently recognized worldwide as a leading cause of moderate to severe diarrhea. In Europe, large water- and foodborne outbreaks have been reported, highlighting the widespread distribution of the parasite and its important health impact. Surveillance networks have been progressively set up and the aim of this study was to present recent epidemiological data obtained in France from 2017 to 2019 by the National Reference Center—Expert Laboratory of cryptosporidiosis (Centre National de Référence–Laboratoire Expert cryptosporidioses CNR-LE). Data were obtained from online reports of volunteer network participants and stools were sent to the CNR-LE for species identification and GP60 genotyping. During this period, data from 750 online reports were available. Cryptosporidiosis occurred predominantly in young children (<5 years old) and in young adults, especially during late summer. Most patients were immunocompetent (60%), and deaths were reported only in immunocompromised patients. Cryptosporidium parvum was largely predominant (72% of cases) over C. hominis (24%) and some other uncommon species. C. parvum GP60 subtypes IIa and IId were the most represented, which suggests frequent zoonotic transmission. For C. hominis, subtypes IbA10G2 and IaA22R2 were predominant.

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“…Ozone is well known for its strong oxidizing ability, and its action against protozoa has been proved in vitro with several parasites, such as Leishmania , Giardia , Cryptosporidium , Blastocystis , Cyclospora , etc., using ozonated oil and ozonated water [ 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ]. In addition, ozone is being widely used in drinking water and wastewater treatment [ 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ] as well as in human and veterinary medicine in several pharmaceutical forms [ 20 , 25 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 ]. This proof of concept study was the first attempt to evaluate the in vitro effectiveness of ozonated water treatment on the viability of Eimeria spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Evaluation of Ozonated Water Treatment on the Viability of Eimeria Oocysts and Giardia Cysts from Water Buffaloes: A Proof-of-Concept Study

Morgoglione

Bosco

Ciucă

et al. 2021

Veterinary Sciences

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The aim of this proof-of-concept study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of ozonated water treatment on the viability of Eimeria oocysts and Giardia cysts isolated from naturally infected water buffaloes. Eimeria oocysts were divided into seven groups of six replicates that were treated with ozonated water at three ozone concentrations (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/L) and two contact times (five and ten minutes), and one group (negative control) that was exposed to non-treated water. Giardia cysts were divided into nine groups of six replicates and were treated with ozonated water at four ozone concentrations (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 1 mg/L) and two contact times (one and two minutes), while one group (negative control) was exposed to non-treated water. The results of the ozonated water treatment gave a 33% inhibition of the sporulation of Eimeria oocysts and rendered 96.3% of Giardia cysts non-viable, suggesting that ozonated water treatment could be a promising alternative sanitation technology to common conventional disinfectants for reducing intestinal protozoa infections in water buffaloes; though further in vitro and in vivo tests are needed.

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Efficiency of chlorine and UV in the inactivation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in wastewater

Cited by 89 publications

References 40 publications

Wastewater-based epidemiology—surveillance and early detection of waterborne pathogens with a focus on SARS-CoV-2, Cryptosporidium and Giardia

Wastewater-based epidemiology—surveillance and early detection of waterborne pathogens with a focus on SARS-CoV-2, Cryptosporidium and Giardia

Epidemiology of Cryptosporidiosis in France from 2017 to 2019

In Vitro Evaluation of Ozonated Water Treatment on the Viability of Eimeria Oocysts and Giardia Cysts from Water Buffaloes: A Proof-of-Concept Study

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