Efficiency of Commercial Air Filters Against Marek's Disease Virus

Burmester, B. R.; Witter, R. L.

doi:10.1128/aem.23.3.505-508.1972

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Activities involving direct contact such as catching live poultry, slaughtering and defeathering poultry, and processing carcasses (including opening the intestinal or respiratory tracts) could generate infectious airborne droplets of respiratory secretions, blood and intestinal contents that could reach either the upper respiratory tract or conjunctivae (Table 1). These activities may also generate small particle aerosols (<5 μ m) that could remain airborne for prolonged periods and would be capable of reaching the lower respiratory tract (Burmester and Witter, 1972; Lee et al., 2006; Tellier, 2006). Studies of artificial aerosols demonstrated survival of influenza A viruses for 24–36 h in air (Mitchell and Guerin, 1972).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contact Variables for Exposure to Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus at the Human-Animal Interface

Rabinowitz

Perdue

Mumford

2009

Zoonoses and Public Health

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Although the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus continues to cause infections in both avian and human populations, the specific zoonotic risk factors remain poorly understood. This review summarizes available evidence regarding types of contact associated with transmission of H5N1 virus at the human-animal interface. A systematic search of the published literature revealed five analytical studies and 15 case reports describing avian influenza transmission from animals to humans for further review. Risk factors identified in analytical studies were compared, and World Health Organization-confirmed cases, identified in case reports, were classified according to type of contact reported using a standardized algorithm. Although cases were primarily associated with direct contact with sick/unexpectedly dead birds, some cases reported only indirect contact with birds or contaminated environments or contact with apparently healthy birds. Specific types of contacts or activities leading to exposure could not be determined from data available in the publications reviewed. These results support previous reports that direct contact with sick birds is not the only means of human exposure to avian influenza H5N1 virus. To target public health measures and disease awareness messaging for reducing the risk of zoonotic infection with avian influenza H5N1 virus, the specific types of contacts and activities leading to transmission need to be further understood. The role of environmental virus persistence, shedding of virus by asymptomatic poultry and disease pathophysiology in different avian species relative to human zoonotic risk, as well as specific modes of zoonotic transmission, should be determined.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contact Variables for Exposure to Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus at the Human-Animal Interface

Rabinowitz

Perdue

Mumford

2009

Zoonoses and Public Health

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“…Further studies by Calnek, Nazerian, Witter and others showed that the cell free infectious virus which was contained in dander, poultry house and feather dust was responsible for the vertical spread and transmission of Marek's disease (Beasley et al, 1970;Calnek et al, 1970;Carroza et al, 1973). The early studies also showed that commercial air filters were efficient in removing MDV particles from the air (Burmester & Witter, 1972).…”

Section: Feathers and Marek's Disease Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diverse uses of feathers with emphasis on diagnosis of avian viral infections and vaccine virus monitoring

Davidson¹

2009

Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avic.

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The large amounts of feathers produced by the poultry industry, that is considered as a waste was explored for possible uses in various industries, such as meals for animals, biofuels, biodegradable plastic materials, combating water pollution and more. That review mentions these uses, but concentrate on the utilization of feathers for the diagnosis of viral infections and for monitoring vaccine viruses in chickens after vaccination. The viral diseases in which diagnosis using nucleic acids extracted from the feather shafts was described are, Marek's disease virus, circoviruses, chicken anemia virus, fowlpox virus, avian retroviruses, avian influenza virus and infectious laryngotracheitis virus. In two cases, of Marek's disease virus and of infectious laryngotracheitis virus, the differentiation of vaccine and wild-type viruses from feather shafts was made possible, thus allowing for monitoring the vaccination efficacy. The present review demonstrates also the stability of DNA viruses in feather shafts, and the possible evaluation of environmental dissemination of pathogens. When viruses are transmitted vertically, like in the cases of the retrovirus REV, a teratogenic effect on the development of feathers of the day-old newly hatched chick might occur in the case of avian influenza and the chicken anemia virus, which might indicate on a viral infection

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“…Long distance aerosol transmission of PRRSV has been documented on commercial production sites, as well as the efficacy of air filtration to prevent the transmission of PRRSV via aerosols [3,4]. The use of air filtration on commercial livestock facilities was first proven effective on poultry barns to prevent the spread of Mareck's disease nearly 40 years ago [5,6]. The implementation of air filtration on commercial swine breeding-gestation-farrowing sites has only recently become common in the US [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of Site Layout and Filter Characteristics on Primary Filter Airflow Reduction on Commercial Swine Sites in Iowa

et al. 2019

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Fresh air intake filtration is used on commercial swine breeding-gestation-farrowing farms to reduce the frequency of airborne infectious agents. For swine producers, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), influenza A virus and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae are considered the most economically challenging airborne pathogens. Reduced frequency of disease outbreaks has been attributed to retrofitting existing systems with filtration. Economic analysis of operating costs includes energy use, maintenance and replacement of filters. Filter replacement, the largest operational cost, is dependent on filter lifespan. However, limited data is available on filter lifespan and the rate of airflow reduction during the high dust-loading periods typically encountered for filtered swine building ventilation systems. Therefore, the objectives of this study were (1) estimate the average primary filter airflow reduction per day, (2) identify the impact of factors related to site layout, filter characteristics and weather on airflow reduction rates of filters in positive-pressure ventilated buildings and (3) determine methods for reducing average primary filter airflow reduction rate per day during row-crop harvest season. Both filter brand and the installed orientation of the filter significantly (p = 0.0314, p = 0.0419, respectively) impacted airflow reduction rates. All site layout factors were significant (driveway side, p = 0.001; dormer orientation, p = 0.0001; and dormer configuration, p = 0.0001). The materials tested significantly reduced the airflow reduction rate during row-crop harvest. The information obtained in this study will aid producers when planning for filtration, highlight details relevant to the purchase and installation of filters, identify factors that affect filter lifespan and identify methods for improving filter lifespan.

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Efficiency of Commercial Air Filters Against Marek's Disease Virus

Cited by 18 publications

References 8 publications

Contact Variables for Exposure to Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus at the Human-Animal Interface

Contact Variables for Exposure to Avian Influenza H5N1 Virus at the Human-Animal Interface

Diverse uses of feathers with emphasis on diagnosis of avian viral infections and vaccine virus monitoring

Quantification of Site Layout and Filter Characteristics on Primary Filter Airflow Reduction on Commercial Swine Sites in Iowa

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