“…16,21–25 We have recently reviewed the different antibacterial mechanisms of pristine LDHs. 26 The three main mechanisms proposed in the literature are: (1) membrane and cell wall damage by direct interactions with bacterial surfaces; 16,22,27,28 (2) release of constituent divalent metal ions; 16,21,22,24,27–29 and (3) generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are well known to be toxic to the bacteria. 22,24,26,27,29 Despite the fact that these three hypotheses were proposed to explain the antimicrobial effect of pristine LDHs, the role of each antibacterial mechanism in the total antimicrobial action has not been determined because the proof of evidence from a real experimental setup is scarce.…”