The plasma membrane Ca 2+ -ATPases (PMCA) represent the major high-affinity Ca 2+ extrusion system in the brain. PMCAs comprise four isoforms and over 20 splice variants. Their different functional properties may permit different PMCA splice variants to accommodate different kinds of local [Ca 2+ ] transients, but for a specific PMCA to play a unique role in local Ca 2+ handling it must be targeted to the appropriate subcellular compartment. We used immunohistochemistry to study the spatial distribution of PMCA2a-one of the two major carboxyl-terminal splice variants of PMCA2-in the adult rat brain, testing whether this isoform, with especially high basal activity, is targeted to specific subcellular compartments. In striking contrast to the widespread distribution of PMCA2 as a whole, we found that PMCA2a is largely restricted to parvalbumin-positive inhibitory presynaptic terminals throughout the brain. The only major exception to this targeting pattern was in the cerebellar cortex, where PMCA2a also concentrates postsynaptically, in the spines of Purkinje cells. We propose that the fast Ca 2+ activation kinetics and high V max of PMCA2a make this pump especially suited for rapid clearance of presynaptic Ca 2+ in fast-spiking inhibitory nerve terminals, which face severe transient calcium loads. Keywords calcium extrusion; calcium pump; immunohistochemistry; parvalbumin; presynaptic terminals; fastspiking basket cells Ca 2+ signaling plays a central role in neurons. To regulate different functions independently within spatially restricted zones, neurons compartmentalize their Ca 2+ signals within microdomains. Thus, within a single neuron characteristic ensembles of Ca 2+ channels, transporters, and binding proteins are found at distinct locations within the soma, axon, and dendrites (Bootman et al., 2001;Rizzuto, 2001). Growing evidence shows that the plasma membrane Ca 2+ -ATPase (PMCA) family of calcium pumps plays an important role in shaping Ca 2+ dynamics in these restricted cellular compartments (Strehler et al., 2007a).An intriguing feature of the PMCA family is its diversity. In mammals, four PMCA isoforms are encoded by separate genes. From these four genes, more than 20 distinct PMCAs are generated through alternative splicing (Strehler and Zacharias, 2001;Di Leva et al., 2008 Alternative splicing affects two major regions of the protein: the first intracellular loop (site A), and the C-terminal tail (site C), which includes sites for phosphorylation by protein kinases A and C. Calmodulin binding to the C-tail regulates the activity of the pump. In its absence, the C-tail acts as an autoinhibitory domain of the pump (Penniston et al., 1988). When calmodulin binds, the C-tail dissociates from the catalytic core, thus activating the pump.The main splice variants generated at the C-terminal site (termed "a" and "b") differ in their primary amino acid sequence due to a change in reading frame. Functionally, the most notable consequence of C-terminal splicing is a difference in calmodulin and ki...