Efficient Direct Recycling of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes by Targeted Healing

Xu, Panpan; Dai, Qiang; Gao, Hongpeng; Liu, Haodong; Zhang, Minghao; Li, Mingqian; Chen, Yan; An, Ke; Meng, Ying Shirley; Li, Yanran; Spangenberger, Jeffrey S.; Gaines, Linda; Lü, Jun; Chen, Zheng

doi:10.1016/j.joule.2020.10.008

Cited by 388 publications

(281 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…As previously mentioned, direct recycling poses a method with greater economic and environmental benefits. [111,112] Recent works demonstrated the possibility of directly recycling LFP [112] and LMO [111] cathodes, in which life-cycle analysis showed a reduction in both GHG emissions (ca. 70%) and energy usage (> 75%).…”

Section: Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Perspective on the Sustainability of Cathode Materials used in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Murdock

Toghill

Tapia‐Ruiz

2021

Advanced Energy Materials

220

100

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tation currently accounts for 23% of global energy-related CO 2 emissions. [1] Electric vehicles (EVs) thus represent a rapidly expanding market, with at least 20% of road vehicles estimated to be electrically powered by 2030. [1] LIB technology takes great prominence within the automobile industry, due to its unbeatable electrochemical performance and lightweight, portable nature. Its impressive performance can be attributed, in part, to the low weight and small ionic radius of the Li + ions (0.76 Å), allowing fast ion transport. This fast transport, along with its low reduction potential (-3.04 V vs standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)), [2] allows for high power density as well as volumetric and gravimetric capacity. Such properties are of critical importance for EVs. [3] With the increased demand for high energy density LIBs for EVs, comes reductions in battery cost and subsequent volatility in material supply. In light of the immense scale of transport electrification that is being proposed in order to meet CO 2 emission targets, considerable attention is being directed toward the socioenvironmental and economic impact of such an increase in material demand. Of particular focus are lithium-ion cathode materials, many of which are composed of lithium (Li), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), and cobalt (Co), in varying concentrations (Figure 1a). The cathode constitutes more than 20% of LIB's overall cost and is a key factor in determining the energy and power density of the battery (Figure 1b). [3,4] It is, therefore, vital to maximise the cathode's performance while minimizing its cost, to make EVs more accessible for society.The high cost of cathode materials is largely attributed to the presence of cobalt-a rare and expensive element mined primarily in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)-which has been deemed necessary in the past to deliver high energy densities in LIBs. For example, the active material within the commercial NMC111 cathode (LiNi 0.33 Mn 0.33 Co 0.33 O 2 ) costs ca. £17 kg −1 , producing 3.88 kWh kg −1 . [5] This high cost is largely attributed to the relatively large amount of cobalt within the electrode (£ 25 kg −1 ). [6] This cost is over 350 times greater than that of iron (£0.068 kg −1 ), [7] which reflects its relative high natural abundance. A combination of political instability within the DRC, social impacts within the mining sector, and supply chain volatility and ambiguity have driven a decrease in cobalt content in NMC cathodes (e.g., going from NMC 111 to NMC811 (LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 )) and zero-cobalt alternatives such as LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 spinels, LiMO 2 disordered rocksalts and Electric vehicles powered by lithium-ion batteries are viewed as a vital green technology required to meet CO 2 emission targets as part of a global effort to tackle climate change. Positive electrode (cathode) materials within such batteries are rich in critical metals-particularly lithium, cobalt, and nickel. The large-scale mining of such metals, to meet increasing battery demands, poses con...

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Section: Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Perspective on the Sustainability of Cathode Materials used in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Murdock

Toghill

Tapia‐Ruiz

2021

Advanced Energy Materials

220

100

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“…Moreover, the pre‐edge peak can be related to Fe 1s–3d transitions [29] . From the inset of Figure 6 e, compared with pristine LFP, the pre‐edge of the LFP electrode with blank electrolyte had shifted in a positive direction (from peak A to B), which indicated that part of Fe 2+ was oxidized to Fe 3+ due to Li vacancy defects [30] . In addition, a positive shift illustrated a lower electron density in the Fe sites [31] .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Cobalt‐Phthalocyanine‐Derived Molecular Isolation Layer for Highly Stable Lithium Anode

Dai

Dong

et al. 2021

Angewandte Chemie

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The uneven consumption of anions during the lithium (Li) deposition process triggers a space charge effect that generates Li dendrites, seriously hindering the practical application of Li‐metal batteries. We report on a cobalt phthalocyanine electrolyte additive with a planar molecular structure, which can be tightly adsorbed on the Li anode surface to form a dense molecular layer. Such a planar molecular layer cannot only complex with Li ions to reduce the space charge effect, but also suppress side reactions between the anode and the electrolyte, producing a stable solid electrolyte interphase composed of amorphous lithium fluoride (LiF) and lithium carbonate (LiCO3), as verified by X‐ray absorption near‐edge spectroscopy. As a result, the Li|Li symmetric cell exhibits excellent cycling stability above 700 h under a high plating capacity of 3 mAh cm−2. Moreover, the assembled Li|lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, LFP) full‐cell can also deliver excellent cycling over 200 cycles under lean electrolyte conditions (3 μL mg−1).

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“…Finally, metal salts are to be precipitated and re-synthesized to produce new active materials [48,52]. Alternatively, the anode and cathode active materials can be reconditioned by means of purification processes, lithium enhancement, and functionalization [47,51,[77][78][79]. Direct reconditioning has the advantage of being a fast and less energy-consuming process, but it cannot directly adapt the cathode chemistry to new developments.…”

Section: Circular Economy In the Context Of Battery Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges in Ecofriendly Battery Recycling and Closed Material Cycles: A Perspective on Future Lithium Battery Generations

Doose

Mayer

Michalowski

et al. 2021

Metals

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The global use of lithium-ion batteries of all types has been increasing at a rapid pace for many years. In order to achieve the goal of an economical and sustainable battery industry, the recycling and recirculation of materials is a central element on this path. As the achievement of high 95% recovery rates demanded by the European Union for some metals from today’s lithium ion batteries is already very challenging, the question arises of how the process chains and safety of battery recycling as well as the achievement of closed material cycles are affected by the new lithium battery generations, which are supposed to enter the market in the next 5 to 10 years. Based on a survey of the potential development of battery technology in the next years, where a diversification between high-performance and cost-efficient batteries is expected, and today’s knowledge on recycling, the challenges and chances of the new battery generations regarding the development of recycling processes, hazards in battery dismantling and recycling, as well as establishing a circular economy are discussed. It becomes clear that the diversification and new developments demand a proper separation of battery types before recycling, for example by a transnational network of dismantling and sorting locations, and flexible and high sophisticated recycling processes with case-wise higher safety standards than today. Moreover, for the low-cost batteries, recycling of the batteries becomes economically unattractive, so legal stipulations become important. However, in general, it must be still secured that closing the material cycle for all battery types with suitable processes is achieved to secure the supply of raw materials and also to further advance new developments.

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Efficient Direct Recycling of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes by Targeted Healing

Cited by 388 publications

References 46 publications

A Perspective on the Sustainability of Cathode Materials used in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

A Perspective on the Sustainability of Cathode Materials used in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Cobalt‐Phthalocyanine‐Derived Molecular Isolation Layer for Highly Stable Lithium Anode

Challenges in Ecofriendly Battery Recycling and Closed Material Cycles: A Perspective on Future Lithium Battery Generations

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