Efficient Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of Tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) with N-Hydroxysulfosuccinimide as a Coreactant for Selective and Sensitive Detection of l-Proline and Mercury(II)

Abstract

Developing rapid, specific, and low-cost electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) systems remains a compelling goal for many applications including environmental analysis, clinical diagnostics, and food safety. In this study, N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) esters, especially N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (NHSS), was exploited for the first time as an efficient coreactant for anodic Ru­(bpy)3 2+ ECL in neutral medium. Among the three tested NHS esters (NHS, NHSS, NHPI), the NHSS exhibited much higher ECL intensity and stability than the sulfonate-free esters, suggesting the essential role of both the N-hydroxy (NOH) and sulfonate (SO3H) moieties in the developed Ru­(bpy)3 2+ ECL system. The ECL generation process is rather straightforward, not requiring time-consuming fabrication/modification steps of electrodes. The anodic Ru­(bpy)3 2+–NHSS system achieved ECL detections with high selectivity and sensitivity toward l-proline (LOD = 50 nM) and Hg2+ (LOD = 10 nM), with a linear range of 0.5–200 μM and 0.1–25 μM, respectively. The method showed good recoveries (95.2–104.8%) for l-proline and Hg2+ detection in real samples. This study is a successful step toward the development of new coreactants and may open new avenues for the applications of N-hydroxy compounds in ECL sensing.

Facile Preparation of WO3−x Dots with Remarkably Low Toxicity and Uncompromised Activity as Co‐reactants for Clinical Diagnosis by Electrochemiluminescence

“…Besides, the reaction between WO 3− x −O . and the Ru(bpy) 3 2+ to produce Ru(bpy) 3 + , which then reacted with the electrogenerated Ru(bpy) 3 3+ to form the excited state Ru(bpy) 3 2+* could not be completely excluded in thermodynamics, and may occur as a minor process (Supporting Information, Figure S11).…”

Facile Preparation of WO3−x Dots with Remarkably Low Toxicity and Uncompromised Activity as Co‐reactants for Clinical Diagnosis by Electrochemiluminescence

“…/WO 3Àx dots ECL system was initially inferred as follows (Figure 3 g which then reacted with the electrogenerated Ru(bpy) 3 3+ to form the excited state Ru(bpy) 3 2+* could not be completely excluded in thermodynamics, [25,27] and may occur as a minor process (Supporting Information, Figure S11).…”

Electrogenerated chemiluminescence of a Ru(bpy)32+/arginine system: a specific and sensitive detection of acetaminophen

“…12 Thus, there remains an ultimate need to nd an alternative co-reactant for Ru(bpy) 3 2+ ECL to expand more possibilities in biosensing. Among the numerous co-reactants, 17 nanomaterial-based coreactants, 18 2-(dibutylamino) ethanol (DBAE), 12 amines, 19 and amino acids 20,21 have been widely explored for Ru(bpy) 3 2+ ECL. [21][22][23] Arginine (Arg) is a type of amino acid, which possesses a backbone of two primary amines, two secondary amines and one carboxyl.…”