Facile Preparation of WO_3−x Dots with Remarkably Low Toxicity and Uncompromised Activity as Co‐reactants for Clinical Diagnosis by Electrochemiluminescence

Abstract

The exceptional nature of WO3−x dots has inspired widespread interest, but it is still a significant challenge to synthesize high‐quality WO3−x dots without using unstable reactants, expensive equipment, and complex synthetic processes. Herein, the synthesis of ligand‐free WO3−x dots is reported that are highly dispersible and rich in oxygen vacancies by a simple but straightforward exfoliation of bulk WS2 and a mild follow‐up chemical conversion. Surprisingly, the WO3−x dots emerged as co‐reactants for the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of Ru(bpy)32+ with a comparable ECL efficiency to the well‐known Ru(bpy)32+/tripropylamine (TPrA) system. Moreover, compared to TPrA, whose toxicity remains a critical issue of concern, the WO3−x dots were ca. 300‐fold less toxic. The potency of WO3−x dots was further explored in the detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) with the most competitive limit of detection so far.

A one-pot synthesis of PEGylated plasmonic WO3−x@Eugenol nanoflowers with NIR-controllable antioxidant activities for synergetically combating bacterial biofilm infection

“…In the sample, two main peaks were observed to be generated by W 6+ at 36.48 eV (W 4f7/2) and 38.57 eV (W 4f5/2), respectively, 37,38 while W 5+ showed two weak peaks at 35.38 eV (W 4f7/2) and 37.37 eV (W 4f5/2). 39,40 It reflects the oxidation state of different W species in the sample. In addition, as shown in the O 1s nuclear-level XPS spectrum (Fig.…”

Construction of Carbon Dots with Wavelength-tunable Electrochemiluminescence and Enhanced Efficiency

“…The supporting electrolyte was 0.1 M PBS (pH=7.5) with 0.1 M K2S2O8. According to the previously reported work, 2,32,[38][39] the ECL efficiency (ΦECL, %)…”

“…Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a light-emitting process excited through electrochemical reactions, showing remarkable merits of high sensitivity, low background, quick response, ease of operation, and low cost of equipment. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Recently, multicolor ECL has attracted considerable attention for ECL-based biomedical applications ranging from multiplex bioassay to bioimaging, raising an increasing demand for exploiting luminophores with tunable emission wavelength. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Along this line, several pioneer works have been reported that multicolor ECL could be realized by combining or modifying ruthenium (II) and iridium (III) complexes.…”

Determining absolute electrochemiluminescence efficiencies of two iridium complexes

“…Smartly combining electrochemistry and chemiluminescence, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) or electrogenerated chemiluminescence, is a light emission process that occurs from the electron transfer between highly active radical species that are electrochemically generated [1][2][3]. ECL has become an essential modern electroanalytical technique with wide applications in the fields of biosensing [4][5][6], bioimaging [7][8][9], and immunoassays [10][11][12]. Furthermore, ECL investigation can also provide guidelines for light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) who has similar luminescent mechanisms.…”