Efficient Heat Dissipation of Uncooled 400-Gbps (16×25-Gbps) Optical Transceiver Employing Multimode VCSEL and PD Arrays

Shih, Tien Tsorng; Chieh, Yu; Wang, Ruei Nian; Wu, Chao−Hsin; Huang, Jian; Jou, Jau Ji; Lee, Tai Cheng; Kuo, Hao‐Chung; Lin, Gong‐Ru; Cheng, Wen-Yu

doi:10.1038/srep46608

“…Furthermore, some approaches have been developed by using multistage structures for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) [27], mode division multiplexing (MDM) [28], or WDM-MDM hybridization systems [29,30]. Although WDM or MDM channels deployed by a single laser can carry a very high bit rate up to 400 Gbps by leveraging external modulation methods [31,32], currently, they do not timely respond to the extremely high-speed access requirements since data center networks have been exceeded Petabyte capacity [33]. Therefore, today's information connectivity needs no longer stop at wavelength division multiplexing or modal division multiplexing levels, but the individual channel connectivity will approach the fiber level carrying a large number of guided-mode and wavelength division multiplexing channels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Controlling Photonic-on-Chip Networks With Deep Reinforcement Learning

Do

¹

,

Truong

²

,

Nguyễn

³

et al. 2021

Preprint

0

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We present a novel photonic chip design for high bandwidth four-degree optical switches that support high-dimensional switching mechanisms with low insertion loss and low crosstalk in a low power consumption level and a short switching time. Such four-degree photonic chips can be used to build an integrated full-grid Photonic-on-Chip Network (PCN). With four distinct input/output directions, the proposed photonic chips are superior compared to the current bidirectional photonic switches, where a conventionally sizable PCN can only be constructed as a linear chain of bidirectional chips. Our four-directional photonic chips are more flexible and scalable for the design of modern optical switches, enabling the construction of multi-dimensional photonic chip networks that are widely applied for intra-chip communication networks and photonic data centers. More noticeably, our photonic networks can be self-controlling with our proposed Multi-Sample Discovery model, a deep reinforcement learning model based on Proximal Policy Optimization. On a PCN, we can optimize many criteria such as transmission loss, power consumption, and routing time, while preserving performance and scaling up the network with dynamic changes. Experiments on simulated data demonstrate the effectiveness and scalability of the proposed architectural design and optimization algorithm. Perceivable insights make the constructed architecture become the self-controlling photonic-on-chip networks.

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“…Furthermore, some approaches have been developed by using multistage structures for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) 35 , mode division multiplexing (MDM) 36 , or WDM-MDM hybridization systems 37 , 38 . Although WDM or MDM channels deployed by a single laser can carry a very high bit rate up to 400 Gbps by leveraging external modulation methods 39 , 40 , currently, they do not timely respond to the extremely high-speed access requirements since data center networks have been exceeded Petabyte capacity 41 . Therefore, today’s information connectivity needs no longer stop at wavelength division multiplexing or modal division multiplexing levels, but the individual channel connectivity will approach the fiber level carrying a large number of guided-mode and wavelength division multiplexing channels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-controlling photonic-on-chip networks with deep reinforcement learning

Do

¹

,

Truong

²

,

Nguyen

³

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

3

0

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We present a novel photonic chip design for high bandwidth four-degree optical switches that support high-dimensional switching mechanisms with low insertion loss and low crosstalk in a low power consumption level and a short switching time. Such four-degree photonic chips can be used to build an integrated full-grid Photonic-on-Chip Network (PCN). With four distinct input/output directions, the proposed photonic chips are superior compared to the current bidirectional photonic switches, where a conventionally sizable PCN can only be constructed as a linear chain of bidirectional chips. Our four-directional photonic chips are more flexible and scalable for the design of modern optical switches, enabling the construction of multi-dimensional photonic chip networks that are widely applied for intra-chip communication networks and photonic data centers. More noticeably, our photonic networks can be self-controlling with our proposed Multi-Sample Discovery model, a deep reinforcement learning model based on Proximal Policy Optimization. On a PCN, we can optimize many criteria such as transmission loss, power consumption, and routing time, while preserving performance and scaling up the network with dynamic changes. Experiments on simulated data demonstrate the effectiveness and scalability of the proposed architectural design and optimization algorithm. Perceivable insights make the constructed architecture become the self-controlling photonic-on-chip networks.

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“…The 400GBASE-SR16 standard was established for 400 Gbit/s Ethernet with 25 Gbit/s per channel to fulfill the immediate demand on high-speed data transmission at current stage [1]. In practical applications, the optical transceiver for the 400 Gbit/s form-factor pluggable by transmitting the 25 Gbit/s non-return-to-zero on-off keying (NRZ-OOK) data carried by vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) through 100-m OM4-MMF has already emerged [2], which benefits from plenty of advantages including wide analog bandwidth, cost-effective package, low threshold current, and low power consumption [3]- [5]. Nevertheless, the VCSEL linked with graded-index multimode fiber (MMF) has also met its limitation on the effective modal bandwidth (EMB), which can only satisfy the short-reach communication in high-speed intra-data-center [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multimode VCSEL Enables 42-GBaud PAM-4 and 35-GBaud 16-QAM OFDM for 100-m OM5 MMF Data Link

Huang

¹

,

Wang

²

,

Peng

³

et al. 2020

Self Cite

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By enhancing the differential gain and reducing the capacitance of the 850-nm multi-mode vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) with an analog bandwidth beyond 25 GHz via the use of InGaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells and multiple oxide confinement layers, the transmission of directly encoded 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) data at 42 GBaud and 16-quadrature amplitude modulation orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (16-QAM OFDM) data at 35 GBaud are demonstrated. After passing through 100-m OM5 multimode fiber (MMF), the detailed comparison between the VCSELs designed with different aperture sizes of 5.5/7.5 µm is performed. The 7.5-µm-aperture VCSEL provides the higher power with larger quantum efficiency but exhibits the narrower 3-dB bandwidth and higher noise level than those of the 5.5-µm-aperture VCSEL. Shrinking the oxide-confined aperture to 5.5 µm assists the VCSEL to expand its 3-dB bandwidth to 25.2 GHz and suppresses its relative intensity noise to-135 dBc/Hz, which contributes to support the highest data rate up to 84 and 140 Gbit/s, respectively, for PAM-4 and 16-QAM OFDM data under forward error correction criterion at optical back-to-back condition. Even after transmitting through 100-m-long OM5-MMF, the allowable data transmission rate still remains at 80 Gbit/s for PAM-4 and 120 Gbit/s for 16-QAM OFDM with their receiving power penalty of 3.24 and 3.1 dB, respectively, when the data is carried by the 5.5-µm-aperture VCSEL. Such a newly designed VCSEL structure promotes its allowable bandwidth to manifest the feasibility toward 50-GBaud per channel capacity for future data center applications. INDEX TERMS Data center, vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL), 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4), M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (M-ary QAM-OFDM).

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Efficient Heat Dissipation of Uncooled 400-Gbps (16×25-Gbps) Optical Transceiver Employing Multimode VCSEL and PD Arrays

Cited by 14 publications

References 61 publications

Self-Controlling Photonic-on-Chip Networks With Deep Reinforcement Learning

Self-Controlling Photonic-on-Chip Networks With Deep Reinforcement Learning

Self-controlling photonic-on-chip networks with deep reinforcement learning

Multimode VCSEL Enables 42-GBaud PAM-4 and 35-GBaud 16-QAM OFDM for 100-m OM5 MMF Data Link

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