“…Among this group of studies, Choi et al 11 by applying 2, 5, and 10-fold data division protocol on SVM achieved the highest classification accuracy of 84.6%. The other group of studies [13][14][15][16][45][46][47][48][49] had explored many different well-known classification techniques, such as CNN, [13][14][15][16]46 Decision Tree, 45 Rule-Based, 45 Naïve Bayes, 45 Deep Belief Network, 46 Binary Decision Tree, 47 Random Forest, 48 and K-Nearest Neighbors 48,49 for early detection and classification of lung cancer. Among this group of studies, Lima et al 15 by exploiting the hyperparameter optimization on CNN achieved the highest classification accuracy of 88%.…”