“…[42]; DPY, Drucker-Prager yield; DLY, Drucker-Lode yield; PSD, principle strain damage [29]; LFD, Lee-Fenves plastic damage [22]; 1DY, one-dimensional yield; BM, Burger model; VMY, von Mises yield; VM+C+D, von Mises yield+cap+ element deletion; CIY, cast iron yield; BD, Brittle damage [17]; DPY(Q)+D, DPY(Q)+densification [19]; CZM, cohesive zone model; PFM, phase-field model; DPD+D, DP+Q damage onset+element deletion; GMM, generalized Maxwell model found: first, direct homogenization of the apparent level by using bone density (power laws [16,45]) and, in some cases, the orientation of the trabecular network (fabric [31,32] Damage and Fracture Interestingly, models including fracture mechanics became increasingly popular in the last years. Either rather simple "element deletion" models [46,51] or more sophisticated fracture energy-based models [26,45] have been published. Such approaches are more and more used in engineering fields and are available in commercial software packages which makes their use relatively easy.…”