“…Upon increasing the TiO 2 concentration in the nanocomposites, there occurs a gradual increase in the TiO 2 peak, which is marked in the survey spectra. The binding energies 465 eV and 459 eV are assigned to Ti 2p 1/2 and Ti 2p 3/2 spin-orbital splitting in the Ti 4+ oxidation state, respectively [28]. The Ti peak has a higher intensity in BGT3 due to its composite nature.…”