Efficient synthesis of zwitterionic sulfobetaine group functional polyurethanes via “click” reaction

Abstract

Deletion of chromosome 22q11.2 is considered one of the most frequent genetic causes of cardiovascular malformations. It is frequently associated with conotruncal malformations, but may also be present among patients with nonconotruncal malformations. The aim of the present study was to establish the prevalence of the 22q11.2 deletion in an unselected population‐based cohort of children with various cardiovascular malformations. The study population was defined as children born in 2000–2008 who were registered in the Danish National Patient Registry with a diagnosis of cardiovascular malformation from one of the two national departments of pediatric cardiology. Sensitive multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification was performed on dried blood spot samples from each individual's neonatal screening test. Of 2,952 children with cardiovascular malformations, 2,478 were eligible for genetic testing. A total of 46 individuals (1.9% [1.4–2.5%]) carried the deletion, with the highest prevalence among individuals registered with interrupted aortic arch (22% [11–40]). The most frequent diagnoses among individuals carrying the deletion were tetralogy of Fallot (n = 15) and ventricular septal defect (n = 15). One in four cases had not been diagnosed in the usual clinical setting. The prevalence of 22q11.2 deletions in an unselected population‐based cohort of children with cardiac malformations was 1.9% [1.4–2.5%]. Genetic testing of every individual registered with a conotruncal malformation would have achieved a diagnostic sensitivity of 70% in the present cohort. Prospective studies outlining testing recommendations in children with ventricular septal defect are warranted. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Structures and Synthesis of Zwitterionic Polymers

“…The problem of incomplete conversion unbalancing the charge neutrality of polyzwitterions in post-polymerization modifications can in principle be avoided when reacting the precursor polymer with prefabricated zwitterionic reagents ( Figure 11) [193,[411][412][413][414][415][416][417][418]. Still, this implies the judicious choice of the reactive groups used for the modification.…”

“…If one of these functional groups is fixed on the precursor polymer and the other one to the zwitterionic reagent, this coupling strategy holds both the potential for high coupling efficiencies and selectivities as well as (for charge neutrality) harmless residual reactive sites if remaining. So far, the use of zwitterionic alkynes has been preferred, which are coupled to polymeric azides ( Figure 12) [193,[414][415][416][417][418]. Still, the inverse strategy should be equally feasible.…”

Modification of polysulfones by click chemistry: Zwitterionic graft complex and their antiprotein fouling property

“…For example, Zhao and coworkers grafted zwitterionic polymer of poly(sulfobetainemethacrylate) (PSBMA) on PSU membrane via surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization and demonstrated enhanced protein antifouling properties and good blood compatibility. Our previous studies also showed polyurethane membrane grafted with SB materials enhance their biocompatibility . It can be expected, therefore, that the surface functionalization of hydrophobic PSU with zwitterionic SB is highly desirable to develop superior antifouling PSU materials and may have potential applications in biomedical field.…”

“…As part of our continuous interest in developing synthetic methods for the preparation and modification of various polymer materials, we report herein modification of PSU by this modular approach to yield zwitterionic structure as shown in Scheme . The chemical structures changes of functionalized PSU membrane were investigated.…”

Surface modification of polysulfones via one-pot ATRP and click chemistry: Zwitterionic graft complex and their hemocompatibility

“…Sulfobetaine (SB) is a zwitterionic molecule containing both cationic and anionic groups, and its polymer has demonstrated better antifouling performance and stability over PEG [19][20][21][22]. Our previous studies also showed that polyurethane [23,24], polysulfone [13], and PVA-co-PE nanofiber [25] membrane grafted with SB materials enhanced their biocompatibility. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports on fabricating zwitterionic sulfobetaine functional polysulfone membrane via the combination of the ATRP and "click" chemistry.…”