“…Although some researchers (Cheng & Kim, 2019;Zou & Li, 2015;Zou & Yan, 2014) concentrate on smartphone use in their studies, they investigate general usage of phone apps in language learning and report learners' optimistic beliefs in the advantages mobile learning will bring to EFL learning (Chen, 2015;Chiang, 2020;Zou & Yan, 2014). Besides, there is a gap in research on learners' attitudes toward smartphone usage in EFL reading (Cheon et al, 2012;Dweikat, 2019). According to Kocaarslan (2016), a positive attitude can predict higher achievement in reading comprehension; however, in mobile reading literature, EFL learners' attitudes towards smartphone-based reading remain unknown.…”