Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Arachidonic Acid and Eicosanoid Metabolism in Juvenile Barramundi Lates calcarifer

Abstract

The potential benefits of dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids to fish include improved growth, survival and stress resistance, reproduction and regulation of immune function. The metabolism of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4n-6) into short-lived hormones know as eicosanoids play central roles in the regulation of these responses.

Influence of Dietary Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and ω6 to ω3 Ratios on Head Kidney Lipid Composition and Expression of Fatty Acid and Eicosanoid Metabolism Genes in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

“…Our qPCR results ( Supplementary Table 5) are in line with previous studies which indicated no differences in head kidney constitutive transcript expression of several genes related to eicosanoid synthesis (i.e., 5lox, cox2) in fish exposed to varying EPA levels [i.e., 0-20 µM (Furne et al, 2013), 1.1 and 19 mg g −1 lipid (Salini et al, 2016)] or ω6:ω3 ratios (0.7-4.1) (Holen et al, 2018). However, Holen et al (2018) reported that Atlantic salmon fed with soybean oil as a FO replacement had higher expression of pgds and pges in head kidney leucocytes compared to fish fed palm and rapeseed oils.…”

“…Further, differences among treatments in head kidney EPA:ARA (Table 2) may have altered the production of eicosanoids via cox1 transcription. Indeed, changes in cell membrane EPA:ARA could alter eicosanoid production and the inflammatory response in vertebrates (Calder, 2003;Arts and Kohler, 2009;Salini et al, 2016). However, since eicosanoid levels were not measured in our study, these hypotheses could not be tested.…”

Supplementation of arachidonic acid rich oil in European sea bass juveniles (Dicentrarchus labrax) diets: effects on growth performance, tissue fatty acid profile and lipid metabolism

“…Additionally, the marginal deficiency of essential fatty acids can lead to health related problems in farmed fish including alterations on stress resistance (Montero et al 2015), gut integrity (Caballero et al 2002;Torrecillas et al 2016) or lipid metabolism (Caballero et al 2006). Indeed, ARA is known to modify metabolic functions in fish by altering the expression of genes belonging to several pathways (Betancor et al 2014;Salini et al 2016) and thus is worthy to evaluate the effect that increasing ARA levels can have on genes involved in LC-PUFA biosynthesis, lipid transport and synthesis as well as cholesterol metabolism.…”

Trophic Levels Predict the Nutritional Essentiality of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Fish—Introduction to a Special Section and a Brief Synthesis

“…Although fish are unable to synthesize 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 and it is recommended that aquafeeds include proper levels of both fatty acids to maintain physiological competence in cultured fish (NRC 2011; indeed, it is difficult to formulate aquafeeds that don't contain appreciable amounts of C 18 PUFA when using practical, commonly used feedstuffs), it is perhaps not valid to consider the C 18 PUFA as physiologically essential (though they may be necessary in the diet of some species), if their only purpose is to serve as biosynthetic precursors to LC-PUFA. Although this concept is emerging in the literature (Rowley et al 1995;Koppe 2011, Norambuena et al 2015;Zuo et al 2015;Salini et al 2016;Torrecillas et al 2017;Araujo et al 2019), no studies have addressed whether C 18 PUFA, not their derivatives, are physiologically essential in fishes.…”

“…"n-3 LC-PUFA") as has been standard in the past (NRC 2011). Although some valuable published research on this topic still relies on this traditional approach(Mozanzadeh et al 2015; Carvalho et al 2018) we strongly recommend a transition towards individual C 18 PUFA and LC-PUFA assessment(Zuo et al 2015;Salini et al 2016;Bou et al 2017;Nobrega et al 2017; Torrecillas et al 2017 Torrecillas et al , 2018Colombo 2018;Lund et al 2019; Papiol and Estévez 2019).…”