“…This type of engagement has been central in the study of obstacles to students' connections with their schools and student disaffection (Henry, Knight, & Thornberry, 2012). The second dimension is cognitive, which refers to students' psychological investment in academic tasks and their motivation and willingness to learn complex concepts, develop abilities, and increase their use of strategies for the self-regulation of learning, such as memorization and planning (Reeve, 2012;Sheard, Carbone, & Hurst, 2010;Tomás, Gutiérrez, Sancho, Chireac, & Romero, 2016). The third is the affective dimension, which involves emotional aspects such as feelings, attitudes, and perceptions of educational environments; the level of affiliation with the school; and relationships with classmates and teachers (Appleton, Christenson, & Furlong, 2008;Archambault, Janosz, Morizot, & Pagani, 2009;Lawson & Lawson, 2013).…”