El Período Formativo en Los Valles Del Norte De Chile Y Sur De Perú: Nuevas Evidencias Y Comentarios

Ovalle, Iván Muñoz

doi:10.4067/s0717-73562004000300024

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…AD 200-900) is contemporary with the Middle period described in other areas of the Western Valleys, which is usually characterized according to the altiplano presence or influence on local cultural developments relating to incipient agriculturization, such as in the Arica Valley (Rivera 2004). This definition matches most classic archaeological proposals for the Atacama Desert, which are influenced by the Neolithic model (e.g., Núñez 1989;Muñoz 2004;Rivera 2004). According to this definition, local populations-with roots in ancient coastal traditionshad little agency in the cultural processes that led to an agricultural and village lifestyle.…”

Section: Historical and Social Settingsupporting

confidence: 74%

Physical Violence and Social Tension in the Atacama Desert: Osteobiography of a Woman from the Tarapacá 40 Formative Period Cemetery

Herrera-Soto

González-Ramírez

Díaz³

et al. 2023

Latin Am. antiq.

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Physical violence and social conflict have been widely studied in the ancient societies of the Andes. However, studies about violence are scarce for the Formative period of northern Chile (1000 BC–AD 900). Evidence from these investigations is generally interpreted as interpersonal violence, whose protagonists are mostly men. Here, we present the case of an adult female recovered from the Tarapacá 40 cemetery (Tarapacá region, Chile) displaying lesions suggestive of trauma. We reconstruct her life and death in the context of this era's social and political conditions. Results of our bioanthropological characterization, cranial trauma analysis, carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis, and recording of the funerary offerings suggest she was a local member of the Formative community buried in the Tarapacá 40 cemetery and that she suffered intentional lethal lesions. Her death is unusual because there are no previous bioarchaeological records of lethal violence against women in the Tarapacá region. The osteobiography of this woman reflects a context characterized by an increase in inequality and social complexity, whereby physical violence could be used as a mechanism of internal regulation and exercise of power during the Formative period.

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Section: Historical and Social Settingsupporting

confidence: 74%

Physical Violence and Social Tension in the Atacama Desert: Osteobiography of a Woman from the Tarapacá 40 Formative Period Cemetery

Herrera-Soto

González-Ramírez

Díaz³

et al. 2023

Latin Am. antiq.

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“…Furthermore, it has been documented that this tree crop was being cultivated in the coast of Peru by ∼4,500 cal yr BP and its pods have been portrayed on ceramics (National Research Council, 1989;Shady Solis et al, 2001;Haas et al, 2004). Remains of Inga feuillei have been also recovered from Formative sites in the northern coast of Chile (Muñoz Ovalle, 2004). Specimens from southern Peru and northern Chile are sometimes identified as the ice-cream bean (Inga 10.3389/fevo.2022.993630 edulis), but as suggested by various scholars and given the morphology of the pods and seeds, it is more likely the species represented in the archeological record is I. feuillei (Piperno and Dillehay, 2008).…”

Section: Pacaymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Starting ca. 4,000 years ago, during the Archaic/Formative transition, important changes are noted in the archeological record, including the abandonment of most mummification practices as well as the gradual adoption of new technologies such as cultivated foods and a shift in a settlement pattern from the coast toward the alluvial plains flanking the Azapa, Camarones, Chaca and other valleys (Muñoz Ovalle, 2004;Núñez and Santoro, 2011). During the Formative Period and into the Middle Horizon, increased population size and social complexity manifested in the progressive growth of the number and size of settlements and cemeteries along the coast and valleys (Uribe et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre-Columbian cultivation of vegetatively propagated and fruit tree tropical crops in the Atacama Desert

Capriles

García²,

Valenzuela³

et al. 2022

Front. Ecol. Evol.

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South America is a megadiverse continent that witnessed the domestication, translocation and cultivation of various plant species from seemingly contrasting ecosystems. It was the recipient and supplier of crops brought to and from Mesoamerica (such as maize and cacao, respectively), and Polynesia to where the key staple crop sweet potato was exported. Not every instance of the trans-ecological expansion of cultivated plants (both domesticated and wild), however, resulted in successful farming. Here, we review the transregional circulation and introduction of five food tropical crops originated in the tropical and humid valleys of the eastern Andes—achira, cassava, ahipa, sweet potato, and pacay—to the hyper-arid coastal valleys of the Atacama Desert of northern Chile, where they have been found in early archeological sites. By means of an evaluation of the contexts of their deposition and supported by direct radiocarbon dating, stable isotopes analyses, and starch grain analysis, we evaluate different hypotheses for explaining their introduction and adaptation to the hyper-arid soils of northern Chile, by societal groups that after the introduction of cultigens still retained a strong dependence on marine hunting, gathering and fishing ways of life based on wide variety of marine coast resources. Many of the studied plants were part of a broader package of introduced goods and technological devices and procedures, linked to food, therapeutic medicine, social and ritual purposes that transformed previous hunter-gatherer social, economic, and ideological institutions. Based on archeological data, we discuss some of the possible socio-ecological processes involved in the development of agricultural landscapes including the adoption of tropical crops originated several hundred kilometers away from the Atacama Desert during the Late Holocene.

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“…It has been long assumed that the Formative Period in the Americas involved a drastic reduction of mobility and precipitated radical changes in food storage, modes of production, demography, territoriality, and exchange (Lavallée 2006; Lumbreras 2006; Muñoz 1989; 2004; Núñez 1974; Rivera 1994; Willey & Phillips 1958). In the Andes, mobility continued to play a key role in the sociopolitical and economic organization of the cultural groups that inhabited the area from pre‐Hispanic times, throughout the Colonial Period and up until the present, when many of the local economies still depend upon commerce and exchange (Núñez & Dillehay 1995).…”

Section: Long‐distance Travels and The Vertical Archipelago Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Desert travels in the Atacama: making place through movement (c. 2500‐1500 cal BP)

Gallardo

Vidal-Montero

Ballester

et al. 2022

Royal Anthropological Inst

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Social worlds are constituted by movement. Mobility entails the circulation not only of people, but also of material goods, imaginaries, experiences, flows of information, and knowledge. In this article, we examine different forms of movement in the Atacama Desert during the Formative Period (c. 2500‐1500 cal BP), such as pedestrian travels, llama caravans, and navigation on sea lion‐skin vessels along the Pacific, incorporating various material means and encompassing a wide array of incentives. We present different case studies that challenge monolithic assumptions about mobility in the South‐Central Andes, commonly understood through the lens of ecological complementarity and primarily driven by economic exchange. Extending Binford's classic distinction between residential and logistical mobility as two ideal types of hunter‐gatherers’ settlement systems to include groups of early farmers, in combination with the territorial categories of local and extra‐local, we interrogate the spatial and temporal scale of these journeys – from daily to seasonal, from short to long distance – and its materialization. In these examples, we approach movement and travel as a way of life, expanding the traditional view of mobility through an exploration of the varied ways in which it was practised and integrated into the social lives of desert dwellers.

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El Período Formativo en Los Valles Del Norte De Chile Y Sur De Perú: Nuevas Evidencias Y Comentarios

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Physical Violence and Social Tension in the Atacama Desert: Osteobiography of a Woman from the Tarapacá 40 Formative Period Cemetery

Physical Violence and Social Tension in the Atacama Desert: Osteobiography of a Woman from the Tarapacá 40 Formative Period Cemetery

Pre-Columbian cultivation of vegetatively propagated and fruit tree tropical crops in the Atacama Desert

Desert travels in the Atacama: making place through movement (c. 2500‐1500 cal BP)

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