Indicators of oral health were recorded in a sample of 200 Formative period (1500 B.C.–A.D. 500) skeletons from archaeological sites located in the Lower Azapa Valley of northwest Chile. This period represents a major shift in subsistence strategies in the Atacama Desert, as coastal groups adopted agriculture and moved deeper into the valley. Frequencies of caries and antemortem tooth loss were compared between site locations (coast vs. valley) and by archaeological phase (early vs. late) to interpret the degree to which these incipient agriculturalists were reliant on domesticated resources. Overall, frequencies of caries (11.9 percent) and tooth loss (11.6 percent) are somewhat higher than for other prehistoric groups practicing a mixed subsistence strategy. However, residents of the interior valley exhibited significantly more dental decay and tooth loss than those along the coast. Our results identify that although the Formative period residents of the Lower Azapa Valley practiced a mixed subsistence strategy, the degree of reliance on agricultural production differed between the coast and the valley. We propose that these differential patterns in oral health are tied to local investment, adaptive cycles, and niche construction.
Occlusal surface wear scores were examined in a sample of 200 Formative period (1500 skeletons from the lower Azapa Valley in northwest Chile. Wear rate and plane (angle) were additionally evaluated using a subsample of paired first and second mandibular molars. The Formative period represents the transition from marine foraging to agro-pastoral dependence in the region, and differences in oral pathology indicate that diet varied by site location (coast vs valley interior) but not by archaeological phase (early vs late). We predicted that occlusal wear would demonstrate similar patterns, resulting from differences in food consistency, and therefore hypothesised that in coastal groups consuming greater quantities of foraged foods, occlusal surfaces should wear faster and exhibit flat molar wear, whereas among valley interior groups consuming greater quantities of agro-pastoral products, these should wear slower but exhibit more angled molar wear. Heavier posterior tooth wear was identified among coastal residents, but rate and angle of molar occlusal attrition did not differ significantly by location. Heavier overall wear and a steeper molar wear plane were identified during the early phase indicating that food consistency varied somewhat over the course of the Formative period. Overall, the results indicate that, although limited differences in tooth wear exist by site location, wear varied more over time likely reflecting a gradual transition from foraging to agro-pastoral dependence in the lower Azapa Valley. Although oral health indicators point to differences in dietary investment by location, maintenance of a mixed subsistence economy likely sustained a comparative consistency of foodstuffs.
El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo discutir el espacio social generado en tres de los mayores asentamientos prehispánicos ubicados en la sierra de Arica, sobre los 3 000 msnm, extremo norte de Chile: Huaihuarani, Lupica y Saxamar. La discusión está centrada en el análisis de una serie de áreas de actividad que se generaron tanto al interior de los recintos habitacionales como fuera de ellos, así como: terrazas de cultivos, caminos, plazas, corrales, enterramiento, pozos de almacenajes y los componentes cerámicos que aparecen distribuidos en dichas áreas. Este conjunto de evidencias ha permitido estructurar el comportamiento de las sociedades prehispánicas tardías (1000 al 1500 d. C.), en la perspectiva económica y social, de una población adaptada a un medio de desierto marginal de altura. Palabras clave-espacio social, áreas de actividad, asentamientos prehispánicos Espace social et zones d'activité sur des sites agricoles préhispaniques préhispaniques récents de la sierra de Arica Résumé Cette étude se propose d'examiner l'espace social des trois des plus grands sites préhispaniques situés dans la sierra d'Arica, à 3 000 m d'altitude, à l' extrême nord du Chili : Huaihuarani, Lupica y Saxamar. La discussion tourne autour de l'analyse d'une série de secteurs d'activité tant à l'intérieur qu'à l'extérieur des enceintes d'habitat : les terrasses agricoles, les chemins, les places, les enceintes, les enterrements, les stocks de vivres et le matériel céramique répartis dans ces secteurs, par exemple. * Este artículo es resultado del proyecto Fondecyt 1040296.
Se presentan los resultados del análisis de 116 fechados radiométricos obtenidos por medio del método de Carbono 14 (C14) y Termoluminiscencia (TL). Los fechados fueron tomados de nueve estudios publicados, desarrollados en el Valle de Azapa. Las muestras datadas fueron obtenidas de entierros (cuerpos) y ofrendas (cerámicas) de cementerios vinculados al periodo Medio. Cronológicamente este periodo ha sido asociado a la presencia del Horizonte Tiwanaku en los Valles Occidentales, 500 al 1000 DC, cuyo rasgo más representativo es la presencia de cerámica decorada con formas de keros, tazones, pucos y jarras. Sin embargo, los fechados obtenidos vinculados con estos estilos cerámicos corresponden mayormente a dataciones tardías, en un rango desde los 900 al 1100 DC cal. Por otra parte, la información reciente obtenida del cementerio Az-115 sobre nuevas dataciones, muestran que en los primeros ocho siglos del primer milenio de la Era Cristiana en el poblamiento azapeño no se observa una presencia Tiwanaku, sino más bien una continuidad aldeana vinculada a una historia local con raíces en el periodo Formativo. El presente estudio, apunta a: (a) caracterizar los inicios y el desarrollo del periodo Medio en el Valle de Azapa, tomando como indicadores diagnósticos los registros de los cementerios Az-115 y Az-75, los que presentan evidencias de un proceso agrícola aldeano de carácter local, incluso con evidencias relacionadas al periodo Formativo, abarcando el periodo Medio hasta el siglo VIII, y (b) definir una segunda etapa o fase II para periodo Medio en el Valle de Azapa, caracterizada por la consolidación de un poblamiento local aldeano. En esta segunda fase, los estilos corresponden a Cabuza, Maitas y Chiribaya, que caracterizarían los estilos cerámicos locales y habrían coexistido con estilos vinculados con Tiwanaku. Al parecer es en esta etapa en donde las poblaciones locales comienzan a definir una identidad regional en nuestros valles cuya expresión final la observamos en lo que se conoce como Cultura Arica, alfarería que caracteriza el periodo Intermedio Tardío (PIT) en los valles y costa de Arica.Palabras claves: cronología, fechas radiométricas, poblaciones prehispánicas periodo Medio, estilos cerámicos.The results are presented of the analysis of a set of 116 radiometric dates obtained through the method of Carbon 14 (C14) and thermoluminescence (TL) dating. These datings were taken from nine published studies carried out in the Azapa Valley. Regarding dated samples, these were mostly taken from burials (bodies) and offerings (ceramic) from cemeteries in the Azapa Valley linked to the Middle period. Chronologically this period has been associated with the presence of the Tiwanaku Horizon in the western valleys, 500 to 1000 AD, and its most representative feature is the presence of painted pottery with forms of keros, bowls, pucos and jars. However, the datings obtained for these ceramics mostly correspond to late datings within a range from Cal 900 to 1100 AD. On the other hand, recent information obtained fro...
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