“…The collaborative process of e-portfolios implementation contains four main types: teacher-student (Abuzaid et al, 2021;Miyoshi et al, 2021;Modise, 2021;Mudau & Modise, 2022;Rodriguez et al, 2022;Viscarret et al, 2022;), student-student (Abuzaid et al, 2021;Ismailov & Laurier, 2022;Modise, 2021;Mudau & Modise, 2022;Rodriguez et al, 2022;Viscarret et al, 2022), with other professionals (Miyoshi et al, 2021), and whole community collaboration (Abuzaid et al, 2021;Ismailov & Laurier, 2022;Modise, 2021;Mudau & Modise, 2022). We argue that learning community collaboration, comprised of the two main protocols of CoI and virtual teams, encompasses all other kinds of collaboration.…”